ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. 7 haku i kāhāhā i ka honua

He ʻokoʻa loa nā mea pena kiʻi ʻAmelika. ʻO kekahi kanaka he cosmopolitan maopopo, e like me Sargent. He ʻAmelika ʻo ia ma kona kumu, akā ua noho ʻo ia ma Lākana a me Paris no kahi kokoke i kona ola makua holoʻokoʻa.

Aia kekahi mau ʻAmelika ʻoiaʻiʻo i waena o lākou, nāna i hōʻike i ke ola o ko lākou mau hoa aloha, e like me Rockwell.

A aia kekahi mau mea pena ma waho o kēia ao, e like me Pollock. A i ʻole ka poʻe i lilo i mea noʻeau na ka hui kūʻai. ʻO kēia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, e pili ana iā Warhol.

Eia naʻe, he poʻe ʻAmelika lākou a pau. Aloha kuokoa, wiwo ole, alohilohi. E heluhelu ma kahi o ʻehiku o lākou ma lalo.

1. James Whistler (1834-1903)

ʻAʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo Whistler he ʻAmelika maoli. I kona ulu ʻana, noho ʻo ia ma ʻEulopa. A ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona wā kamaliʻi ... ma Rusia. Ua kūkulu kona makuakāne i ke kaʻaahi ma St. Petersburg.

Ma laila ke keiki ʻo James i aloha ai i ke kiʻi, e kipa aku ana i ka Hermitage a me Peterhof mahalo i ka pilina o kona makuakāne (a laila ua pani ʻia nā hale aliʻi i ka lehulehu).

No ke aha i kaulana ai ʻo Whistler? Ma nā ʻano like ʻole āna i pena ai, mai ka realism a hiki i ka tonalism*, hiki ke ʻike koke ʻia ʻo ia e nā hiʻohiʻona ʻelua. Nā waihoʻoluʻu maʻamau a me nā inoa mele.

ʻO kekahi o kāna mau kiʻi kiʻi hoʻohālike na nā haku kahiko. E like me kāna kiʻi kaulana ʻo "The Artist's Mother".

Ua hana ka mea pena i ka hana kupanaha me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kala mai ka hina hina a i ka hina hina. A he melemele kekahi.

Akā ʻaʻole kēia manaʻo ua makemake ʻo Whistler i kēlā mau kala. He kanaka kupaianaha ʻo ia. Hiki iā ia ke ʻike maʻalahi i ka hui ʻana me nā socks melemele a me ka malu ʻālohilohi. A ʻo kēia ka wā e ʻaʻahu wale ai nā kāne i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka hina.

He ʻoi aku kāna mau hana māmā ma mua o "Makuahine". No ka laʻana, Symphony in White. No laila ua kāhea ʻia ke kiʻi e kekahi o nā mea nūpepa ma ka hōʻike. Ua makemake ʻo Whistler i ka manaʻo. Mai ia manawa, ua kapa ʻo ia i kāna mau hana a pau ma ke ʻano mele.

Akā, i ka makahiki 1862, ʻaʻole makemake ka lehulehu i ka Symphony. Eia hou, ma muli o ko Whistler's idiosyncratic color schemes. He mea ʻē i ka poʻe ke kākau i kahi wahine i ke keʻokeʻo ma ke ʻano keʻokeʻo.

Ma ke kiʻi ʻike mākou i ka haku wahine ʻulaʻula o Whistler. Ma ka ʻuhane o ka Pre-Raphaelites. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, a laila ua hoaaloha ka mea pena me kekahi o nā mea hoʻomaka nui o Pre-Raphaelism, ʻo Gabriel Rossetti. ʻO ka nani, nā lilia, nā mea maʻamau (ʻili wolf). ʻO nā mea a pau e like me ka mea e pono ai.

Akā ua neʻe koke ʻo Whistler mai Pre-Raphaelism. No ka mea, ʻaʻole ka nani o waho ka mea nui iā ia, akā ʻo ke ʻano a me nā manaʻo. A ua hana ʻo ia i kahi kuhikuhi hou - tonalism.

ʻO kāna mau ʻāina nocturne i ke ʻano o ka tonalism e like me ke mele. Monochrome, ʻeleʻele.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Whistler ponoʻī e kōkua nā inoa mele i ka nānā ʻana i ke pena ponoʻī, nā laina a me nā kala. I ka manawa like, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole i ka wahi a me nā kānaka i hōʻike ʻia.

Tonalism, a me ka pili kokoke manaʻo hoʻohiwahiwa, ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, ʻaʻole i mahalo ʻia ka lehulehu. He mamao loa mai ka realism kaulana ia manawa.

Akā e loaʻa iā Whistler ka manawa e kali ai no ka ʻike ʻia. I ka hopena o kona ola ʻana, e kūʻai ʻia kāna hana.

2. Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Mary Cassatt i loko o kahi ʻohana waiwai. Hiki iā ia ke ola me ka mālama ʻole. E mare a hanau keiki. Akā, ua koho ʻo ia i kahi ala ʻē aʻe. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia iho i ka hoʻohiki ʻana o ka male ʻana no ke kiʻi pena.

He hoaaloha ʻo ia me ʻO Edgar Degas. Loaʻa i ka Pōʻakolu nā mea hoʻopuka manaʻo, lawe mau 'ia e keia kuhikuhi. A ʻo kāna "Girl in a Blue Armchair" ʻo ia ka hana impressionist mua i ʻike ʻia e ka lehulehu.

Akā ʻaʻohe mea makemake i ke kiʻi. I ke kenekulia 19, ua hōʻike ʻia nā keiki me nā ʻānela e noho hoʻolohe ana, me nā curl curl a me nā papalina rosy. A eia kahi keiki i maopopo ka luuluu, e noho ana ma kahi hoʻomaha loa.

Akā ʻo Mary Cassatt, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kāna mau keiki ponoʻī, ʻo ia ka mea mua i hōʻike iā lākou e like me ke ʻano maoli.

No kēlā manawa, ua loaʻa iā Cassatt kahi "hewa". He wahine ʻo ia. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hele hoʻokahi i ka paka e pena mai ke ʻano. ʻOi loa ka hele ʻana i kahi cafe kahi i ʻākoakoa ai nā mea pena. ʻO nā kāne a pau! He aha ka mea i koe nona?

E kākau i nā pāʻina kī wahine monotonous i loko o nā lumi hoʻokipa me nā kapuahi marble a me nā kī kī pipiʻi. Ana ʻia ke ola a hoʻoluhi pau ʻole.

ʻAʻole i kali ʻo Mary Cassatt no ka ʻike ʻia. I ka wā mua, ua hōʻole ʻia ʻo ia no kāna impressionism a me nā kiʻi pena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. A laila, i ke kenekulia 20, ua "kahiko" ia, ʻoiai ʻo Art Nouveau i ke ʻano (Klimt) a me ka Fauvism (Matisse).

Akā, ua kūpaʻa ʻo ia i kona ʻano a hiki i ka hopena. Ka manaʻo hoʻokalakupua. pastel palupalu. Nā makuahine me nā keiki.

No ka pena ʻana, ua haʻalele ʻo Cassatt i ka makuahine. Akā ua ʻike nui ʻia kona ʻano wahine i nā hana maʻalahi e like me Sleeping Child. He mea minamina ka waiho ʻana o kahi hui conservative iā ia ma mua o kēlā koho.

3. John Sargent (1856-1925)

Ua maopopo ʻo John Sargent e lilo ʻo ia i mea pena kiʻi i kona ola a pau. Ua holo maikaʻi ka ʻoihana. Ua laina ʻo Aristocrats e kauoha iā ia.

Akā i ka manawa i hele ai ka mea pena i ka laina i ka manaʻo o ke kaiāulu. He mea paʻakikī iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ka mea i ʻae ʻole ʻia i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Madame X".

ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka mana kumu, ua haʻalele ka heroine i kekahi o nā bralettes. Ua "hoʻāla" ʻo Sargent iā ia, akā ʻaʻole kōkua kēia i ka hihia. Ua lilo nā kauoha i mea ʻole.

He aha ka mea haumia i ʻike i ka lehulehu? A ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hōʻike ʻo Sargent i ke kumu hoʻohālike ma kahi kūlana hilinaʻi nui. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili translucent a me ka pepeiao ʻulaʻula.

ʻO ke kiʻi, me he mea lā, ʻōlelo ʻo kēia wahine me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka moekolohe ʻaʻole ia e hōʻole i ka ʻae ʻana i ka male ʻana o nā kāne ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, mare.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ma hope o kēia hōʻino, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka poʻe o kēia wā i ka hana nui. ʻO kaʻaʻahuʻeleʻele, kaʻili māmā, ka dynamic pose - kahi hui maʻalahi i hiki ke loaʻa wale i nā haku akamai loa.

Akā, ʻaʻohe hewa me ka maikaʻi ʻole. Ua loaʻa iā Sargent ke kūʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻāʻo hou me ka impressionism. Kākau i nā keiki i nā kūlana koke. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka hana "Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose".

Ua makemake ʻo Sargent e hopu i kahi manawa kikoʻī o ka pō. No laila, hana wale wau i 2 mau minuke i ka lā i ka wā i pololei ke kukui. Hana ʻia i ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule. A i ka maloʻo ʻana o nā pua, hoʻololi ʻo ia i nā pua pua.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua komo ʻo Sargent i ka ʻono o ke kūʻokoʻa a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e haʻalele loa i nā kiʻi. ʻOiai ua hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia kona kaulana. Ua hoʻokuʻu hewa ʻo ia i kekahi mea kūʻai aku, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana e pena ʻo ia i kona ʻīpuka me ka hauʻoli nui ma mua o kona mau helehelena.

Ua mālama ka poʻe o kēia wā iā Sargent me ka hoʻohenehene. Ke noʻonoʻo nei he mea kahiko i ka wā o ka modernism. Akā, ua kau ka manawa i nā mea a pau i kona wahi.

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i emi iki kāna hana ma mua o ka hana a nā modernists kaulana loa. ʻAe, waiho i ke aloha o ka lehulehu a ʻōlelo ʻole. Kūʻai mau ʻia nā hōʻikeʻike me kāna hana.

4. Norman Rockwell (1894-1978)

He mea paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i kahi mea pena kaulana i kona wā e ola ana ma mua o Norman Rockwell. Ua ulu aʻe kekahi mau hanauna o ʻAmelika ma kāna mau kiʻi. Aloha lākou me koʻu naʻau a pau.

Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hōʻike ʻo Rockwell i nā ʻAmelika maʻamau. Akā i ka manawa like e hōʻike ana i ko lākou ola mai ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi loa. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo Rockwell e hōʻike i nā makua kāne ʻino a i ʻole nā ​​makuahine mālama ʻole. A ʻaʻole ʻoe e hālāwai me nā keiki pōʻino me ia.

Ua piha kāna mau hana i ka ʻakaʻaka, nā waihoʻoluʻu momona a me nā hiʻohiʻona akamai loa i hopu ʻia mai ke ola.

Akā, he hoʻopunipuni ka hāʻawi maʻalahi o ka hana iā Rockwell. No ka hana ʻana i hoʻokahi kiʻi pena, lawe mua ʻo ia i hoʻokahi haneli kiʻi me kāna mau hiʻohiʻona e kiʻi i nā ʻano kūpono.

He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hana a Rockwell i ka manaʻo o nā miliona o ʻAmelika. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻōlelo pinepine ʻo ia me ke kōkua o kāna mau pena pena.

I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hōʻike i nā mea a nā koa o kona ʻāina e hakakā nei. I ka hana ʻana, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ka pena "Freedom from Want". Ma ke ʻano o ka Thanksgiving, kahi e hauʻoli ai nā ʻohana āpau, hānai maikaʻi a māʻona, i ka hoʻomaha ʻohana.

Ma hope o 50 makahiki ma ka Pōʻaono ahiahi Post, ua neʻe ʻo Rockwell i ka makasina Look democratic, kahi i hiki ai iā ia ke hōʻike i kona mau kūlana ma nā pilikia pilikanaka.

ʻO ka hana ʻoi loa o ia mau makahiki ʻo "The Problem We Live With".

ʻO kēia ka moʻolelo maoli o kahi kaikamahine ʻeleʻele i hele i ke kula keʻokeʻo. Mai ka wā i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ke kānāwai ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kānaka (a no laila ʻo nā kula hoʻonaʻauao) ma nā laina lāhui.

ʻAʻole ʻike palena ʻole ka huhū o ka poʻe kamaʻāina. Ma ke ala i ke kula, ua kiaʻi ʻia ke kaikamahine e nā mākaʻi. Eia kahi manawa "maʻamau" a hōʻike iā Rockwell.

Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike i ke ola o nā ʻAmelika i kahi kukui i hoʻonani ʻia (e like me ko lākou makemake e ʻike iā ia), e nānā pono i nā kiʻi pena a Rockwell.

Malia paha, ʻo nā mea pena a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala, ʻo Rockwell ka mea pena kiʻi nui loa o ʻAmelika.

5. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009)

ʻAʻole like me Rockwell, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻo Wyeth. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ʻimi e hoʻonani i kekahi mea. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i nā ʻāina maʻamau a me nā mea ʻike ʻole. He mala palaoa wale no, he hale laau wale no. Akā ua hiki iā ia ke ʻimi i kahi mea kupanaha i loko o lākou.

ʻO kāna hana kaulana loa ʻo Christina's World. Ua hōʻike ʻo Wyeth i ka hopena o kekahi wahine, ʻo kona hoalauna. Ma muli o kona maʻi lolo mai kona wā kamaliʻi mai, ua kolo ʻo ia a puni kāna mahiʻai.

No laila ʻaʻohe mea aloha i kēia kiʻi, e like me ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia. Inā ʻoe e nānā pono, a laila loaʻa i ka wahine ka lahilahi ʻeha. A ʻike ʻoe ua maʻi nā wāwae o ka heroine, hoʻomaopopo ʻoe me ke kaumaha i ka mamao o kona mamao mai ka home.

I ka nānā mua ʻana, kākau ʻo Wyeth i ka mea maʻamau. Eia ka pukaaniani kahiko o ka hale kahiko. ʻO kahi pale maloʻo i hoʻomaka mua e lilo i ʻōpala. Ma waho o ka pukaaniani pouli ka nahele.

Akā, aia kekahi mea pohihihi i loko o kēia mau mea a pau. ʻO kekahi nānā ʻē aʻe.

No laila hiki i nā keiki ke nānā i ka honua me ka nānā ʻole ʻana. Pela no o Wyatt. A ʻo mākou pū me ia.

ʻO nā mea a pau a Wyeth i mālama ʻia e kāna wahine. He mea hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻo ia. ʻO ia ka mea i launa pū me nā hale hōʻikeʻike a me nā mea ʻohi.

He liʻiliʻi ke aloha i ko lāua pilina. Pono e puka mai ke mele. A lilo ʻo ia i mea maʻalahi, akā me kahi hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha ʻo Helga. ʻO kēia ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai ma nā hana he nui.

Me he mea lā he kiʻi kiʻi wale nō mākou e ʻike ai i ka wahine. Akā no kekahi kumu, paʻakikī ke haʻalele. Paʻakikī loa kona mau maka, ʻoʻoleʻa kona mau poʻohiwi. ʻO mākou, me he mea lā, ke hoʻoikaika nei mākou me ia. Paʻakikī e ʻimi i ka wehewehe ʻana no kēia haʻalulu.

Ke hōʻike nei i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēlā me kēia kikoʻī, ua hāʻawi ʻo Wyeth iā ia me nā manaʻo hiki ʻole ke haʻalele ʻole.

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea pena no ka manawa lōʻihi. Me kona ʻano maoli, ʻoiai he kilokilo, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kūpono i nā ʻano modernist o ke kenekulia 20.

I ka wā i kūʻai ai nā limahana hale hōʻikeʻike i kāna mau hana, ua hoʻāʻo lākou e hana me ka mālie, me ka ʻole o ka huki ʻana. Kakaʻikahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hōʻikeʻike. Akā, i ka lili o ka poʻe hou, ua lanakila mau lākou. Hele nui mai na kanaka. A hiki mai lakou.

E heluhelu e pili ana i ka mea pena me ka ʻatikala Ka Honua o Christine. ʻO Andrew Wyeth's Masterpiece."

6. Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

ʻAʻole hiki iā Jackson Pollock ke haʻalele. Ua hele ʻo ia i kekahi laina o ka hana kiʻi, a ma hope ʻaʻole hiki ke like ke kiʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia ma ke kiʻi, ma ka laulā, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me ka ʻole o nā palena. I koʻu waiho ʻana i ke kāwele ma ka papahele a kāpīpī me ka pena.

A ua hoʻomaka kēia mea pena kiʻi ʻAmelika me ka abstractionism, kahi e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi. Ma kāna hana o ka 40s "Shorthand Figure" ʻike mākou i nā outlines o ka maka a me nā lima. A hiki ke hoʻomaopopo iā mākou i nā hōʻailona ma ke ʻano o nā keʻa a me nā zeros.

Ua mahalo ʻia kāna hana, akā ʻaʻole lākou wikiwiki e kūʻai. Ua ʻilihune ʻo ia me he ʻiole halepule lā. A inu ʻo ia me ka hilahila ʻole. ʻOiai he male hauʻoli. Ua mahalo kāna wahine i kāna kālena a hana i nā mea āpau no ka holomua o kāna kāne.

Akā ʻo Pollock kahi ʻano haʻihaʻi. Mai kona wā ʻōpiopio mai, ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ma kāna mau hana, ʻo ka make ʻāwī ka mea nona.

ʻO kēia haʻihaʻi ma muli o ka hopena e alakaʻi iā ia i ka make i ka makahiki 44. Akā e loaʻa iā ia ka manawa e hoʻololi ai i ka hana kiʻi a lilo i kaulana.

A ua hana ʻo ia i loko o nā makahiki ʻelua o ka noho mālie. Ua hiki iā ia ke hana hua i ka makahiki 1950-1952. Ua hoʻokolohua ʻo ia no ka manawa lōʻihi a hiki i ka ʻenehana drip.

Ke waiho nei i kahi kāwele nui ma ka papahele o kona hale hoʻoheheʻe, hele a puni ʻo ia, me he mea lā, i ke kiʻi ponoʻī. A pulu ʻia a ninini wale i ka pena.

Ua hoʻomaka kēia mau kiʻi pena ʻokoʻa e kūʻai ʻia mai iā ia me ka makemake no ko lākou kumu maoli a me nā mea hou.

Pīhoihoi ʻo Pollock i ka kaulana a hāʻule i loko o ke kaumaha, ʻaʻole maopopo i kahi e hele ai. ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka waiʻona a me ke kaumaha, ʻaʻohe ona manawa e ola ai. I kona hele ʻana ma hope o ka huila me ka ʻona loa. ʻO ka manawa hope loa.

7. Andy Warhol (1928-1987)

Ma kahi ʻāina wale nō me ka moʻomeheu o ka ʻai, e like me ʻAmelika, hiki ke hānau ʻia ka pop art. A ʻo kāna mea hoʻomaka nui, ʻo Andy Warhol.

Ua kaulana ʻo ia no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea maʻamau a hoʻololi iā lākou i hana noʻeau. ʻO ia ka mea i loaʻa i ke kini sopa a Campbell.

ʻAʻole i pōʻino ke koho. Ua hānai ka makuahine o Warhol i kāna keiki i kēlā me kēia lā no nā makahiki he 20. ʻOiai i kona neʻe ʻana i New York a lawe pū i kona makuahine me ia.

Ma hope o kēia hoʻokolohua, ua hoihoi ʻo Warhol i ka paʻi pale. Mai ia manawa, ua kiʻi ʻo ia i nā kiʻi o nā hōkū pop a pena i nā kala like ʻole.

ʻO kēia ke ʻano o kāna pena kaulana ʻo Marilyn Monroe.

Ua hana ʻia ka nui o ia mau kala Marilyn acid. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Art Warhol ma ke kahawai. E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia i loko o kahi hui kūʻai.

Ua haku ʻia e Warhol nā helehelena pena no kekahi kumu. Eia hou, ʻaʻole me ka ʻole o ka mana o ka makuahine. I kona wā kamaliʻi, i ka maʻi lōʻihi o kāna keiki, huki ʻo ia iā ia i nā puke kala.

Ua ulu kēia leʻaleʻa kamaliʻi i mea i lilo i kāleka kelepona a ua waiwai nui ʻo ia.

ʻAʻole ʻo ia i pena i nā hōkū pop wale nō, akā, ʻo nā mea hana nui o kona mau mua. Loaʻa a "Venus" Botticelli.

Ua hana nui ʻo Venus, e like me Marilyn. ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa o kahi hana noʻeau i "holoi" e Warhol i ka pauka. No ke aha i hana ai ka mea pena?

E hoʻolaha i nā haku hana kahiko? A i ʻole, e hoʻāʻo e hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou? E hoʻomau i nā hōkū pop? A i ʻole e hoʻāla i ka make me ka hoʻohenehene?

ʻO kāna mau hana pena a Madonna, Elvis Presley a i ʻole Lenin i ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa ma mua o nā kiʻi kumu.

Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke uhi ʻia nā haku hana. ʻO nā mea like a pau, ʻo ka primordial "Venus" ka mea kūʻai ʻole.

He kanaka ʻoliʻoli ʻo Warhol i ka pāʻina, e huki ana i nā poʻe kipaku. ʻO nā mea hoʻohana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea hana hana hewa ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kaulike ʻole. ʻO kekahi o lākou i pana iā ia.

Ua ola ʻo Warhol. Akā he 20 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ma muli o ka hopena o kahi ʻeha i loaʻa iā ia ma mua, ua make hoʻokahi ʻo ia i loko o kona keʻena.

ipu hoohehee US

ʻOiai ka mōʻaukala pōkole o nā kiʻi ʻAmelika, ākea ka laulā. Ma waena o nā mea pena kiʻi ʻAmelika, aia nā Impressionists (Sargent), a me nā mea hoʻokalakupua (Wyeth), a me nā mea hōʻike abstract (Pollock), a me nā paionia o ka pop art (Warhol).

ʻAe, makemake nā ʻAmelika i ke kūʻokoʻa koho i nā mea āpau. ʻO nā haneli haneli. He mau haneli o nā lāhui. He mau haneli kuhikuhi noʻeau. ʻO ia ke kumu ʻo ia ka ipu hoʻoheheʻe o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

*Tonalism - nā hiʻohiʻona monochrome o ka hina, uliuli a ʻeleʻele paha, i ka wā e like ai ke kiʻi i loko o ka noe. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Tonalism he ʻāpana o ka impressionism, no ka mea e hōʻike ana i ka manaʻo o ka mea pena i kāna mea i ʻike ai.

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