Kūlana laina ma ka pena. Nā mea huna nui
Nā mea:
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kiʻi pena a me nā frescoes i nā makahiki 500 i hala iho nei ua hana ʻia e like me nā lula o ka ʻike laina. ʻO ia ke kōkua i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka lewa 2D i kiʻi 3D. ʻO kēia ke ʻano hana nui a nā mea pena kiʻi e hana i ka illusion o ka hohonu. Akā, mai nā manawa a pau, ua hahai nā haku i nā lula āpau o ke kūkulu ʻana.
E nānā kākou i kekahi mau haku hana a ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā mea pena kiʻi i ka lewa ma o ke kuanaʻike laina i nā manawa like ʻole. A no ke aha lākou i uhaki ai i kekahi o kāna mau lula.
ʻO Leonardo da Vinci. Ka Ahaaina Hope
I ka wā o ka Renaissance, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā loina o ke kuanaʻike laina pololei. Inā ma mua o ka hana ʻana o nā mea pena kiʻi i ka lewa me ka maka, a laila i ke kenekulia XNUMX ua aʻo lākou i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka makemakika pololei.
Ua ʻike maopopo ʻo Leonardo da Vinci i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ma luna o kahi mokulele. Ma kāna fresco "The Last Supper" ʻike mākou i kēia. He mea maʻalahi nā laina kuanaʻike ma nā laina o ke kaupaku a me nā pale. Hoʻohui lākou i kahi wahi nalowale. Ma ka lae hookahi e hala i ka laina horizon, a i ole ka laina o na maka.
Ke hōʻike ʻia ka lewa maoli ma ke kiʻi, hele wale ka laina o nā maka i ka hui o ka lani a me ka honua. I ka manawa like, ʻo ia ka mea pinepine ma kahi o nā helehelena o nā kiʻi. ʻIke mākou i kēia mau mea a pau ma ka fresco o Leonardo.
Aia ka wahi nalowale ma kahi o ka maka o Kristo. A ma kona mau maka ka laina o ka lani, a ma ka maka o kekahi mau lunaolelo.
He hana puke kēia o ka hakahaka, i kūkulu ʻia e like me nā lula o DIRECT linear perspective.
A ke kikowaena kēia wahi. ʻO ka laina horizon a me ka laina kūpaʻa e hele ana ma ka helu nalowale e puʻunaue i ka hakahaka i 4 mau ʻāpana like! Hōʻike kēia hana i ka ʻike honua o kēlā au me ka makemake nui i ka lokahi a me ke kaulike.
Ma hope mai, e liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi ke kūkulu ʻana. No nā mea pena kiʻi, he mea maʻalahi loa kēia. Ua bpuhi a hoololi i ka laina kupaa me ka lae nalo. A hoʻokiʻekiʻe a hoʻohaʻahaʻa paha i ka lewa.
ʻOiai inā e lawe mākou i kahi kope o ka hana a Raphael Morgen, i hana ʻia ma ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia XNUMX-XNUMX, e ʻike mākou ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ... ke kū i ka centricity a hoʻololi i ka laina horizon kiʻekiʻe!
Akā, i kēlā manawa, ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ākea e like me Leonardo he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka pena kiʻi. Ke hōʻoia pololei ʻia nā mea a pau.
No laila e ʻike kākou pehea i hōʻike ʻia ai ka lewa ma mua o Leonardo. A no ke aha i ʻike ʻia ai kāna "ʻaina ahiahi hope" i mea kūikawā.
pā kahiko kahiko
Hōʻike nā mea pena kahiko i ka lewa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo observational perspective. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻike ai mākou i nā hewa maopopo. Inā mākou e kaha kiʻi i nā laina kuanaʻike ma nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻili, e ʻike mākou i ʻekolu mau wahi nalo a me ʻekolu laina horizon.
ʻO ke kūpono, e hui pū nā laina āpau i kahi kiko, aia ma ka laina horizon hoʻokahi. Akā, ʻoiai ua kūkulu ʻia ka hakahaka me ka ʻike ʻole i ke kumu makemakika, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēlā ala.
Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo he ʻeha ka maka. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia nā wahi nalowale a pau ma ka laina kū hoʻokahi. Hoʻohālikelike ke kiʻi, a ʻaneʻane like nā mea i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke kūpaʻa. ʻO kēia ka mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka fresco a nani hoʻi.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo iaʻano kiʻi o ke ākea e pili kokoke i kaʻike kūlohelohe. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo e hiki i ke kanaka ke nānā i ke kūlanakauhale mai kahi wahi, kū mālie. Ma kēia ala wale nō e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hiʻohiʻona linear makemakika e hāʻawi mai iā mākou.
Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka ʻāina like ʻole e kū ana, a i ʻole e noho ana, a i ʻole mai ka lanai o ka hale. A laila ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o kāu laina horizon ... ʻO kēia ka mea a mākou e nānā ai ma kahi fresco kahiko.
Akā ma waena o ka fresco kahiko a me Leonardo's Last Supper aia kahi papa hana kiʻi nui. Kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
Hōʻike ʻokoʻa ka hakahaka ma nā kiʻi. Manaʻo wau e nānā i ka "Holy Trinity" a Rublev.
Andrei Rublev. Ka Trinihi Hemolele.
Ke nānā nei ʻo Rublev i ka "Holy Trinity" icon, ʻike koke mākou i kahi hiʻohiʻona. ʻAʻole huki ʻia nā mea ma kona ʻaoʻao mua e like me nā lula o ke kuhi laina pololei.
Inā ʻoe e kaha kiʻi i nā laina kuanaʻike ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, e hoʻopili ʻia lākou ma waho o ke kiʻiona. ʻO kēia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo REVERSE linear perspective. Ke ākea ka ʻaoʻao mamao o ka mea ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao kokoke i ka mea nānā.
Akā, ʻaʻole e ʻokoʻa nā laina kuanaʻike o ke kū ma ka ʻākau: ua like lākou me kekahi. ʻO kēia kahi hiʻohiʻona laina AXONOMETRIC, ke hōʻike ʻia nā mea, ʻaʻole i lōʻihi loa i ka hohonu, me nā ʻaoʻao e like me kekahi.
No ke aha i hōʻike ai ʻo Rublev i nā mea ma kēia ʻano?
Ua aʻo ʻo Academician B. V. Raushenbakh i nā makahiki 80 o ke kenekulia XX i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻike kanaka a huki i ka manaʻo i kahi hiʻohiʻona. Ke kū kokoke mākou i kahi mea, ʻike mākou iā ia ma kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻohuli iki, a i ʻole, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i nā loli. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻaoʻao o ka mea kokoke iā mākou ma mua o ka lōʻihi, a i ʻole ʻike ʻia kona mau ʻaoʻao like. Pili kēia a pau i ke kuanaʻike nānā.
Ma ke ala, ʻo ia ke kumu e huki pinepine ai nā keiki i nā mea i ka hiʻohiʻona. A ʻike lākou i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi me kahi wahi maʻalahi! ʻIke ʻoe: hōʻike ʻia nā mea mai nā kiʻi kiʻi Soviet ma kēia ʻano.
Manaʻo nā mea pena kiʻi e pili ana i kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka hihiʻo ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o Rauschenbach.
No laila, ua kūkulu ka haku o ke kenekulia XIX i kahi ākea, me he mea lā, e like me nā lula āpau o ke kuhi laina pololei. Akā, e hoʻolohe i ka pōhaku i mua. Hōʻike ʻia ia ma kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻohuli māmā!
Hoʻohana ka mea pena i nā hiʻohiʻona pololei a hoʻohuli i ka hana hoʻokahi. A ma ka laulā, hana like ʻo Rublev!
Inā hōʻike ʻia ke poʻo o ke kiʻi i loko o ke ʻano o kahi hiʻohiʻona nānā, a laila ma ke kua o ke kiʻi e hōʻike ʻia ana ka hale e like me nā lula o ... pololei kuanaʻike!
E like me ka haku kahiko, ua hana ʻo Rublev me ka intuitively. No laila, ʻelua laina o nā maka. Nānā mākou i nā kolamu a me ka puka komo i ka portico mai ka pae like (laina maka 1). Akā ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kaupaku o ka portico - mai kekahi (laina maka 2). Akā nō naʻe he hiʻohiʻona pololei.
I kēia manawa wikiwiki a hiki i ke kenekulia 100. I kēia manawa, ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻia ka kuanaʻike laina: ʻoi aku ma mua o XNUMX mau makahiki i hala mai ka manawa o Leonardo. E ʻike kākou pehea i hoʻohana ʻia ai e nā mea pena o ia au.
ʻO Jan Vermeer. Haʻawina mele
Ua maopopo ua akamai mua nā mea pena kiʻi o ke kenekulia XNUMX i ke kuanaʻike laina.
E ʻike pehea ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kiʻi pena a Jan Vermeer (ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka axis vertical) ma mua o ka hema?
Inā ma ka ʻaina ahiahi hope a Leonardo ka laina kū pololei i waenakonu, a laila ma Vermeer ua neʻe mua ia i ka ʻākau. No laila, hiki ke kapa ʻia ka manaʻo o Leonardo CENTRAL, a me Vermeer - SIDE.
Ma muli o kēia ʻokoʻa, ʻike mākou ma Vermeer ʻelua mau paia o ka lumi, ma Leonardo - ʻekolu.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, mai ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hale ma kēia ʻano, me ke kōkua o kahi hiʻohiʻona laina LATERA. No laila, ʻoi aku ka ʻike maoli o nā lumi a i ʻole ke keʻena. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kikowaena o Leonardo.
Akā ʻaʻole kēia wale ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona o Leonardo a me Vermeer.
Ma The Last Supper, nānā pono mākou i ka papaʻaina. ʻAʻohe ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i loko o ka lumi. A inā he noho ma ka ʻaoʻao, kiola ʻia ma kahi kihi iā mākou? ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēia hihia, e hele nā laina hoʻohiki ma kahi o ka fresco ...
ʻAe, i loko o kekahi lumi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea āpau ma mua o Leonardo. No laila, aia kekahi hiʻohiʻona ANGULAR.
Loaʻa iā Leonardo FRONTAL wale nō. ʻO kāna hōʻailona hoʻokahi wale nō wahi nalowale, aia i loko o ke kiʻi. Hui nā laina kuanaʻike a pau i loko.
Akā ma ka lumi o Vermeer, ʻike mākou i kahi noho kū. A inā ʻoe e kahakiʻi i nā laina hoʻohiki ma kona noho, e hoʻopili lākou i kahi ma waho o ka canvas!
A i kēia manawa e hoʻolohe i ka papahele ma ka hana a Vermeer!
Inā kaha ʻoe i nā kaha ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā huinahā, a laila e hui pū nā kaha ... ma waho o ke kiʻi. E loaʻa i kēia mau laina ko lākou mau wahi nalowale. Akā! Aia kēlā me kēia laina ma ka laina horizon hoʻokahi.
No laila, hoʻopili ʻo Vermeer i ka hiʻohiʻona mua me ka angular. A hōʻike pū ʻia ka noho me ke kōkua o kahi hiʻohiʻona angular. A hui kona mau laina kuanaʻike ma kahi nalo ma ka laina horizon hoʻokahi. Nani ka makemakika!
Ma keʻano laulā, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laina horizon a me nā wahi nalowale, maʻalahi loa ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i kekahi papahele i loko o ka hale. ʻO kēia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo perspective grid. Huli mau ia i mea maoli a kupaianaha.
A mai kēia papahele i maʻalahi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana ua pena ʻia ke kiʻi ma mua o ka manawa o Leonardo. No ka mea me ka ʻike ʻole i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi mākaʻikaʻi, ʻike mau ka papahele e neʻe i kahi. Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole maoli maoli.
I kēia manawa e neʻe kākou i ke kenekulia XNUMX.
Jean Antoine Watteau. Papa hoailona o ka hale kuai o Gersin.
I ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua ʻike ʻia ke kuanaʻike laina i ka hemolele. ʻIke maopopo ʻia kēia ma ka laʻana o ka hana a Watteau.
Wahi i hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia. He mea leʻaleʻa e hana pū me. Hoʻohui nā laina kuanaʻike a pau i kahi wahi nalowale.
Akā aia kekahi kikoʻī hoihoi loa i ke kiʻi ...
E nānā pono i ka pahu ma ka ʻaoʻao hema. I loko o ia mea, kau ka mea hana hale kiʻi i kiʻi no ka mea kūʻai aku.
Inā ʻoe e kaha kiʻi i nā laina kuanaʻike ma kona mau ʻaoʻao ʻelua, a laila e hoʻohui lākou i ... i kahi laina ʻokoʻa o nā maka!
ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi ʻaoʻao ma kahi kihi ʻoi loa, a ʻo kekahi ʻaoʻao ua aneane kū pololei i ka laina o nā maka. Inā ʻike ʻoe i kēia, a laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻalele i kēia ʻano ʻano ʻē.
No laila, no ke aha i hele ai ka mea pena kiʻi i kahi hōʻole i nā kānāwai o ka linear perspective?
Mai ka wā o Leonardo, ua ʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hiʻohiʻona linear i ke kiʻi o nā mea i ka mua (kahi e hele ai nā laina kuanaʻike i ka wahi nalowale ma kahi kihi ʻoi loa).
He maʻalahi kēia e ʻike ma kēia kiʻi kiʻi o ke kenekulia XNUMX.
He huinaha na kumu o na kolamu ma ka akau (me na aoao like). Akā, ma muli o ka pi'i ikaika o nā laina o ka mākia hi'ohi'ona, ua hana 'ia ka ho'opunipuni he mau 'āpana 'ehā! No ke kumu hoʻokahi, ʻike ʻia nā kolamu, puni i ke anawaena, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema he ellipsoidal.
Ma ke kumumanaʻo, pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā poʻe poʻe o nā kolamu ma ka hema a lilo i ellipsoids. Akā ua hōʻike ka mea pena iā lākou he poepoe, e hoʻohana ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona nānā.
Pēlā nō, ua uhaki ʻo Watteau i nā lula. Inā ua hana pono ʻo ia i nā mea a pau, a laila, ua ʻano haiki loa ka pahu ma hope.
No laila, ua hoʻi nā mea pena kiʻi i ke kuanaʻike nānā a nānā i ke ʻano o ke kumuhana e ʻoi aku ka organik. A me ka noʻonoʻo i hele i kekahi mau uhaki o nā lula.
I kēia manawa e neʻe kākou i ke kenekulia XNUMX. A i kēia manawa e ʻike kākou pehea i hui pū ai ka mea pena kiʻi Lūkini ʻo Ilya Repin i nā hiʻohiʻona linear a me ka nānā.
Ilya Repin. ʻAʻole i kali.
I ka nānā muaʻana, ua kūkulu ka mea pena i ke ākea e like me ka papahana maʻamau. Hoʻololi wale ʻia ka ʻaoʻao kū i ka hema. A inā ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo, ua hoʻāʻo nā mea pena kiʻi ma hope o ka manawa o Leonardo e pale i ke kikowaena nui. I kēia hihia, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka "kau" i nā koa ma ka paia ʻākau.
E hoʻomaopopo hoʻi ʻo nā poʻo o nā mea nui ʻelua - ke keiki kāne a me ka makuahine - aia i nā kihi ʻike. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou e nā laina hiʻohiʻona e holo ana ma nā laina kaupaku a hiki i kahi nalo. Hoʻoikaika kēia i ka pilina kūikawā a hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo, ka pilina o nā mea.
A e ʻike hoʻi i ke akamai o Ilya Repin e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia o nā distortions kuʻuna ma lalo o ke kiʻi. Ma ka ʻākau, kau ʻo ia i nā mea poepoe. No laila, ʻaʻohe pono e hana i kekahi mea me nā kihi, ʻoiai ʻo Watteau i hana me kāna pahu.
A hana ʻo Repin i kahi hana hoihoi. Inā mākou e kahakii i nā laina kuanaʻike ma ka papahele, loaʻa iā mākou kahi mea ʻē!
ʻAʻole lākou e hui pū i kahi wahi nalowale hoʻokahi!
Ua koho ʻia ka mea pena e hoʻohana i kahi kuanaʻike nānā. No laila, ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o ka hakahaka, ʻaʻole i ka schematic.
A ke neʻe nei mākou i ke kenekulia XNUMX. Manaʻo wau ua manaʻo ʻoe ʻaʻole i kū maoli nā haku o kēia kenekulia ma ka hanana me ka lewa. E hōʻoiaʻiʻo mākou i kēia ma ke ʻano o ka hana a Matisse.
Henri Matisse. Hale hana ʻulaʻula.
I ka nānā mua ʻana ua maopopo ua hōʻike ʻo Henri Matisse i kahi ākea ma kahi ala kūikawā. Ua haʻalele maopopo ʻo ia mai nā canons i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka Renaissance. ʻAe, ua hana ʻo Watteau lāua ʻo Repin i kekahi mau hemahema. Akā ua ʻimi maopopo ʻo Matisse i kekahi mau pahuhopu ʻē aʻe.
Ua ʻike koke ʻia ua hōʻike ʻo Matisse i kekahi o nā mea ma ke kuanaʻike pololei (papa), a ʻo kekahi ma hope (ka noho a me ka pahu huki).
Akā ʻaʻole pau nā hiʻohiʻona ma laila. E kaha kākou i nā laina kuanaʻike o ka pākaukau, ka noho a me ke kiʻi ma ka paia hema.
A laila loaʻa koke iā mākou ʻEKOLU horizons. Hele kekahi o lākou i waho o ke kiʻi. Aia nō hoʻi ʻEkolu mau kuʻuna!
No ke aha ʻo Matisse e paʻakikī loa i nā mea?
E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo he ʻano ʻē ke ʻano o ka noho. Me he mea lā e nānā ana mākou i ke kua o luna mai ka hema. A no ke koena o ka ʻāpana - ma ka ʻākau. I kēia manawa e nānā i nā mea ma ka pākaukau.
Aia ke kīʻaha me he mea lā ke nānā aku nei mākou mai luna mai. Huli iki nā penikala i hope. Akā ʻike mākou i kahi ipu a me kahi aniani mai ka ʻaoʻao.
Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā mea like ʻole i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi pena. Ke nana pololei mai nei ka poe e kau ana ia makou. E like me ka uaki kupuna kāne. Akā, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi pena e pili ana i ka paia ma kahi ʻaoʻao iki, me he mea lā e nānā ana mākou iā lākou mai ke kihi ʻākau o ka lumi.
Me he mea lā ʻaʻole makemake ʻo Matisse iā mākou e nānā i ka lumi mai kahi wahi, mai kahi kihi. Me he mea lā e alakaʻi ʻo ia iā mākou a puni ka lumi!
No laila, hele mākou i ka papaʻaina, kūlou i ka ipu a nānā. Hele a puni ka noho. A laila hele mākou i ka pā mamao a nānā i nā kiʻi pena e kau nei. A laila hāʻule lākou i ko lākou mau maka ma ka hema, i nā hana e kū ana ma ka papahele. Etc.
ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻole i haki ʻo Matisse i ka hiʻohiʻona laina! Ua hōʻike wale ʻo ia i ka lewa mai nā kihi like ʻole, mai nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole.
ʻAe, he mea hoʻohihi. Me he mea lā e ola ana ka lumi, e hoʻopuni iā mākou. A ʻo ka ʻulaʻula ma ʻaneʻi e hoʻonui i kēia hopena. Kōkua ke kala i ka lewa e huki iā mākou i loko...
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Pela mau ke ano. ʻO ka mua, hana ʻia nā lula. A laila hoʻomaka lākou e wāwahi iā lākou. Hilahila i ka mua, a laila wiwo ole. Akā ʻaʻole kēia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, he hopena iā ia iho. Kōkua kēia i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike honua o kona au. No Leonardo, ʻo ia ka makemake i ke kaulike a me ka lokahi. A no Matisse - ka neʻe a me ka honua mālamalama.
E pili ana i nā mea huna o ke kūkulu hale - ma ka papa "Diary of an Art Critic".
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Mahalo nui no ke kōkua ma ke kākau ʻana i ka ʻatikala iā Sergey Cherepakhin. ʻO kona hiki ke hana i nā nuances o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona i ka pena pena i hoʻoikaika iaʻu e hana i kēia kikokikona. Ua lilo ʻo ia i hoa kākau.
Inā makemake ʻoe i ke kumuhana o ke kuanaʻike laina, e kākau iā Sergey (cherepahin.kd@gmail.com). E hauʻoli ʻo ia e kaʻana like i kāna mau mea pili i kēia kumuhana (me nā kiʻi pena i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala).
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Inā kokoke iā ʻoe koʻu ʻano hōʻikeʻike a makemake ʻoe i ke aʻo ʻana i ke kiʻi pena, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻouna aku iā ʻoe i kahi pōʻai manuahi o nā haʻawina ma ka leka uila. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, e hoʻopiha i kahi palapala maʻalahi ma kēia loulou.
Comments poe heluhelu e ae e nana malalo. Hoʻohui pinepine lākou i kahi ʻatikala. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kaʻana like i kou manaʻo e pili ana i ka pena pena a me ka mea pena, a me ka nīnau ʻana i ka mea kākau i nīnau.
Nā papahana noʻeau pūnaewele
English mana
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