Pieter Brueghel the Younger (Infernal). Mea kope a mea pena nui paha?

ʻO Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1564-1637/1638), a i ʻole Brueghel the Hell, i hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pena kiʻi Netherlandish ma kahi ala kūikawā.

ʻAe, ʻo nā mea hou ka mea mua e noho i ka mōʻaukala o ka noʻeau. ʻO ia hoʻi, ka poʻe i haku i nā ʻenehana a me nā ʻenehana hou. ʻO ka poʻe e hana ana ma ke ʻano i hana ʻole ʻia e kekahi ma mua o lākou. A ua hana like ia mau mea hou i ka manawa like me Brueghel the Younger. ʻO Rembrandt kēia, a me Caravaggio, a me Velasquez.

ʻAʻole pēlā ʻo Brueghel the Younger. No laila, ua poina ia no kekahi mau keneturia. Akā i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua ʻike koke ʻia ka waiwai o kēia mea pena ...

Ma ka ʻatikala e hoʻāʻo wau e ʻimi i ka pane iā Pieter Brueghel ka ʻōpio. He mea kope wale a i ʻole he haku nui?

He mea maʻamau ka lilo ʻana i mea pena

ʻO Pieter Brueghel ka ʻōpio he 5 mau makahiki i ka wā i make ai kona makuakāne. No laila, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i aʻo me kahi haku nui. A ma kona kupunawahine, ka makuahōnōwai wahine o Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Maria Verhulst Bessemers. ʻAe, he mea pena nō hoʻi ʻo ia, he mea hiki ʻole ke hilinaʻi ʻia. Pela ka laki o Petero.

ʻO kahi ʻāpana o kahi kope o ka hana a kona makuakāne "The Sermon of St. John" e hōʻike ana iā Pieter Brueghel the Elder (ke kāne ʻumiʻumi ma ka ʻaoʻao), kona makuahine (he wahine me ka ʻaʻahu ʻulaʻula me nā lima keʻa ma kona umauma) a me ke kupuna wahine (a wahine i ka hina).

Ua kahiko ʻo ia iā lākou me he mea lā e ola ana lākou i ka wā i kākau ʻia ai ke kope. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ma ka palapala kumu a ko lākou makuakāne, he ʻōpiopio nō lākou ... Ua hoʻopā loa ia.

'A'ole na'e i a'o wale 'o Maria Bessemers i ke keiki pehea e pena ai, akā, ua hā'awi pū aku 'o ia i kekahi mea waiwai loa. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka makua kāne! Ma ka hoʻopili ʻana iā lākou i ka papa, hiki ke kope i ka hopena haku mele a me nā ʻano āpau o nā mea a me nā mea. He lua gula ia! A ʻo ia ke kumu.

Ua make ʻo Pieter Brueghel the Elder i kahi ʻōpiopio, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i 45 mau makahiki. I ka manawa like, ua kaulana ʻo ia i kona wā e ola ana. Ua ninini ʻia nā kauoha. No laila, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i nā pepa huli, i hiki iā ia a me kāna mau kōkua ke kope i nā hana i makemake nui ʻia. Akā, ua make ʻo ia. A ua mau ke koi no kana hana.

Ua ho'āʻo nā haku ʻē aʻe e hana i kona ʻano. ʻO Kleve hoʻokahi. Akā ʻaʻohe ona mamana. Hiki iā ia ke ʻike i ka mea mua i ʻelua mau manawa (i loko o ka hale o ka mea nona ke kiʻi) a laila kākau i kahi mea like ma muli o ke kumu.

No ka laʻana, penei kāna hana ʻana i ka The Return of the Herd.

Aia kekahi mea like, ʻike ʻoe. Akā ʻaʻole ia he kope pololei. Ua hala ʻo Cleve i ka hanohano o ke ʻano o Brueghel. ʻAe, a ʻoi aku ka ʻino o nā kiʻi o nā kahu hipa.

E ʻoluʻolu, ua kākau ʻia kona lima ma mua o ka pono. Me he mea lā e ulu ana mai kou pepeiao. Ua hana ʻo Bruegel i kēia mau hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka realism.

Akā ʻo ke keiki a ka haku ʻo Pieter Brueghel ka ʻōpio i ulu a lilo i haku. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka hui o Saint Luke. Hana ʻia kēia i ka makahiki hoʻokahi i make ai ʻo Kleve.

ʻAʻole wale ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kāne i nā pepa ʻimi, akā ua make ka mea hoʻohālike nui o kona makuakāne. A ke koi mau nei. Ua lawe ʻo ia i ka manawa a hoʻomaka e kope i ka hana a kona makuakāne.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hana a ka makua kāne a me ke keiki

Akā eia ka mea hoihoi loa. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka hana a ke keiki kāne a me ka makua kāne, ʻike mākou he ʻokoʻa nō lākou.

A ʻo ka ʻokoʻa nui ma ke kala. No kekahi kumu, ʻaʻole i kūlike ke kala kala o ke keiki me kona makuakāne. Manaʻo wau hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i ke kumu.

E pili ana i na pahee. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā keiki, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia ka manawa e ʻike i ka mea mua me kona mau maka ponoʻī. A inā he manawa kūpono, paʻakikī ke hoʻomanaʻo i nā kikoʻī āpau i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻi e nā mea ʻohi mai kekahi kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe. A hoʻokahi wale nō au i ʻike ai i ka mea kumu. ʻAʻole pēlā ka hihia i nā manawa a pau.

E hoʻomaopopo hoʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iki ke keiki i ke kaha kiʻi, no laila, ʻoi aku ka grotesque o ke kiʻi a kokoke i ka paʻi kaulana.

Hōʻike kēia mau ʻāpana i ke ʻano o ka makua kāne, a ʻoi aku ka schematic o ke keiki.

ʻAe, pono wau e hana wikiwiki. ʻO ka hana kope ʻana i koi ʻia ke komo ʻana o nā mea kōkua i liʻiliʻi ka mākaukau. A ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole pili ka hana conveyor i ke aʻo ʻana i nā kikoʻī āpau.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole kūʻai ʻia kēia mau kiʻi pena i ka aristocracy, akā i nā poʻe o nā papa haʻahaʻa. A ʻimi ʻo Pieter Brueghel ka ʻōpio e hoʻohālikelike i kā lākou makemake. A makemake lākou i ke ʻano maʻalahi. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kiʻi a me nā helehelena, ʻike hou ʻia i ka hoʻohālikelike.

Akā naʻe, he haku maikaʻi loa ʻo Pieter Brueghel the Younger, e like me kēia hana.

Ua kākau pū ʻia e like me ka pepa ʻimi a ka makua kāne, akā ua hana ʻia ka maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka helehelena maoli o kahi kahu hipa, hōʻike like i nā manaʻo o ka poʻe pōʻino. A he ʻāina hoʻi kūpono loa no ka hiʻohiʻona pōʻino me nā lāʻau kakaʻikahi a me ka honua i wela i ka lā.

Maikaʻi ka hana i ka hoʻokō ʻana no ka manawa lōʻihi i hāʻawi ʻia i ka makua kāne. Akā naʻe, ua hōʻike ka loiloi o ka makahiki o ka papa i hana ʻia ma hope e ke keiki a ka haku me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻohālike pepa tracing.

No ke aha e hoʻololi ai ke keiki i nā kiʻi o kona makuakāne

Aia kekahi mau hana, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, ua hana ʻia ma ke kope kalapona. ʻOiai ko lākou helu nui. No laila, ua kope kope ʻia ʻo Peter Brueghel kaulana ʻo "Bird Trap" a me kāna hale hana ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli.

No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pālākiō: ma ka liʻiliʻi o 3 mau kope i mālama ʻia ma Rusia. Ma ka hōʻiliʻili pilikino o Valeria a me Vladimir Mauergauz, ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pushkin ma Moscow a ma ka Hermitage ma St. Loaʻa paha, aia nā kope like ʻole i nā hōʻiliʻili pilikino ʻē aʻe.

ʻAʻole au e hōʻike iā lākou a pau, no ka mea, ua like loa lākou. A ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ka hoʻohālikelike. ʻO kēia ka hihia i ka wā i koi ai ka mea kūʻai aku "e like me ka like" a ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻo Peter mai ka template ma kahi o hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu.

Ma luna aʻe, ua loiloi mākou i ke kumu i kūlike ʻole ai nā mea kumu a me nā kope i nā kala.

Akā i kekahi manawa ua hoʻololi ʻo Brueghel the Younger i ka haku mele o kona makuakāne. A hana ʻo ia me ka manaʻo. E nānā i ʻelua o kā lākou kiʻi pena.

I ka makua, ua nalowale ʻo Kristo me ke keʻa i ka lehulehu. A inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i ʻike i kēia kiʻi ma mua, a laila e liʻiliʻi ka manawa e ʻike ai i ke ʻano nui.  ʻO ke Keiki, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, e hoʻonui i ke kiʻi o Kristo a waiho i mua. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike kokoke koke.

No ke aha i hoʻololi nui ai ke keiki i ka haku mele me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka pepa ʻimi i hoʻopau ʻia? Eia hou, aia i ka ʻono o nā mea kūʻai aku.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Pieter Brueghel the Elder i kahi ʻatikala, e hōʻike ana i ka protagonist ma kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, no mākou, ʻo ke kaulia ʻana o Kristo ke kī a me ka hanana pōʻino loa o ka Baibala. Hoʻomaopopo mākou i ka nui o kāna hana e hoʻopakele ai i nā kānaka.

Akā ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe o Kristo i kēia, ʻokoʻa ka hui liʻiliʻi kokoke i ke Keiki a ke Akua. ʻAʻole mālama ka poʻe i ka mea e alakaʻi ʻia ana i Golgota. Koe naʻe ma ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana. Ua nalowale kēia hanana i loko o ka puʻu o ko lākou mau hopohopo a me nā manaʻo i kēlā me kēia lā.

ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo Pieter Brueghel ka ʻōpio i paʻakikī loa i ka hoʻolālā. Pono nā mea kūʻai aku "The Way to Calvary." ʻAʻohe manaʻo ʻāpana-nui.

Ua maʻalahi hoʻi ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o kona makuakāne no ka Seven Works of Mercy.

Ua hana ʻia ke kiʻi e like me ka ʻōlelo mai ka ʻEuanelio a Mataio. Ua oleloia, ua hanai lakou ia ia, ua inu, ua hoaahu ia ia, ua hele i ke kanaka mai, ua kipa aku ia ia ma ka halepaahao, e like me ka mea i hookipaia e ka malihini. I ka Middle Ages, ua hoʻohui ʻia kekahi hana aloha i kāna mau ʻōlelo - kanu e like me nā kānāwai Karistiano.

Ma ke kahakaha ʻana a Pieter Brueghel the Elder, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole wale i nā hana maikaʻi ʻehiku, akā he ʻano hoʻohālike o ke aloha - he kaikamahine i waenakonu me kahi manu ma kona poʻo.

ʻAʻole hoʻomaka ke keikikāne e hōʻike iā ia a hoʻohuli i ka hiʻohiʻona i kahi hiʻohiʻona wale nō. ʻOiai ke ʻike nei mākou i nā hana aloha a pau.

ʻAʻole hoʻoilina makua

He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ua hana ʻo Pieter Brueghel o Hell i nā kope ʻaʻole wale no kona makuakāne. A ma ʻaneʻi wau e wehewehe ai i ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai ʻo ia ʻo Infernal.

Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua ho'āʻo ʻo ia e hana ma ke ʻano o Bosch, e hana ana i nā mea nani. No laila, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Infernal, no kēia mau hana mua.

Akā, ua pau ka noi no Boschian noʻonoʻo: makemake ka poʻe i nā hiʻohiʻona hou aʻe. A ua hoʻololi ka mea pena iā lākou. Akā, ua paʻa loa ka inoa kapakapa a hiki i ko kākou wā.

A makemake pū ka poʻe Palani i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano. A me kahi hoʻomaka satirical ʻoi aku ka ʻōlelo. Mai ka hana Farani i hana ai ka mea pena i ke kope o "The Village Lawyer".

ʻIke ʻoe, ʻoiai ua mau ka kalena pā ma ka ʻōlelo Palani. A eia he satire, he hoʻomāʻewaʻewa i ka hana a nā loio ʻauhau ...

He hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa ia, no laila ua hana ka mea pena kiʻi a me kāna hale hana i kekahi mau kope.

ʻŌlelo Holani

Ma hea me ka ʻole o nā ʻōlelo ʻōlelo Dutch! Ua ʻike paha ʻoe i ka pena kiʻi kupaianaha a Pieter Brueghel the Elder ma kēia kumuhana. Ua kākau wau e pili ana iā ia ma ʻaneʻi 'ōlelo.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻaʻole i nalowale ke kumuhana i kona pili. Eia nō naʻe, ua maʻa mau ke kau ʻana i nā papa hoʻonaninani ma nā paia, kahi i ʻike maka ʻia ai kekahi ʻōlelo ʻōlelo.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, hōʻike ʻo Brueghel "ʻaʻole lākou e nalu i ko lākou mau lima ma hope o ka hakakā ʻana" a ʻaʻohe kumu e kanu ai i kahi luawai, no ka mea, ua make ke keiki bipi i loko.

Akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano ʻelua o kekahi poʻe, ke ʻōlelo lākou i hoʻokahi mea ma ke kino, akā noʻonoʻo i kahi mea ʻokoʻa loa. Me he mea lā ua lawe lākou i ka wai a me ke ahi i ka manawa like.

ʻO Pieter Brueghel ka ʻōpio ma Rusia

I ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻomaka ka hoihoi iā Bruegel e mae. A ua hoʻomaka hou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX! Akā, ua piʻi aʻe nā kumukūʻai no kā lākou hana e pili ana i kēia. ʻAʻole i loaʻa kahi Pieter Brueghel the Elder no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka Hermitage a me ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pushkin. He nui nae na hana a kana keiki hiapo.

ʻEkolu mau hana i mālama ʻia ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Pushkin. Me Puna. Hana ma ka māla.

Ma ka Hermitage - 9 mau hana. ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoihoi loa - "Fair with a theatrical performance" - ua loaʻa mai kahi ʻohi wale i ka makahiki 1939, ma ka nalu o ka hoihoi hou i kēia mea pena.

Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole nui ka hana, ʻike ʻoe.

Akā, ua hoʻopihaʻia kēia āpau e nā mea hōʻiliʻili pilikino. No Valeria lāua ʻo Konstantin Mauergauz nā hana he 19 a Pieter Brueghel the Younger. Ma muli o kā lākou hōʻiliʻili, aʻu i ʻike ai ma kahi hōʻikeʻike ma New Jerusalem Museum (Istra, Moscow Region), ua hana wau i kēia ʻatikala.

hopena

ʻAʻole i hūnā ʻo Pieter Brueghel ka ʻōpio ua kope ʻo ia i ka hana a kona makuakāne. A kakau mau oia ia lakou me kona inoa ponoi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoiaʻiʻo loa ʻo ia i ka mākeke. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻāʻo e kūʻai aku i ke kiʻi i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka hoʻolilo ʻana iā ia ma ke ʻano he hana a kona makuakāne. ʻO kona ala ia, akā ua hoʻoikaika maoli ʻo ia i ke kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia e kona makuakāne.

A mahalo iā Brueghel the Younger, ua ʻike mākou i kēlā mau hana a ka haku nui i nalowale. A ma o nā kope wale nō o ke keiki kāne, hiki iā mākou ke kiʻi piha i ka hana a ka makua kāne.

PS. He mea nui e haʻi aku he keiki kāne ʻē aʻe ʻo Pieter Brueghel the Elder i kapa ʻia ʻo Jan. Hoʻokahi wale nō makahiki ʻo ia i ka wā i make ai kona makuakāne. A e like me kona kaikuaʻana ʻo Peter, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i aʻo mai kona makuakāne. Ua lilo ʻo Jan Brueghel the Elder (Velvet or Floral) i mea pena kiʻi, akā hele ma ke ala ʻē aʻe.

Ma kahi ʻatikala liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, kamaʻilio wale wau no ia mea. Ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻoe e huikau hou i nā kaikunāne. A ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻohana Brueghel kaulana o nā mea pena.

***

Inā kokoke iā ʻoe koʻu ʻano hōʻikeʻike a makemake ʻoe i ke aʻo ʻana i ke kiʻi pena, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻouna aku iā ʻoe i kahi pōʻai manuahi o nā haʻawina ma ka leka uila. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, e hoʻopiha i kahi palapala maʻalahi ma kēia loulou.

Comments poe heluhelu e ae e nana malalo. Hoʻohui pinepine lākou i kahi ʻatikala. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kaʻana like i kou manaʻo e pili ana i ka pena pena a me ka mea pena, a me ka nīnau ʻana i ka mea kākau i nīnau.

Nā papahana noʻeau pūnaewele 

English mana

Nā loulou i ka hana hou ʻana:

Anthony van Dyck. Kiʻi o Pieter Brueghel ke ʻōpio:

https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/02.+drawings/242152

Pieter Brueghel ka Pokii. Pono me ka hana keaka:

https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+paintings/38928