Paul Gauguin. He akamai i kali ole i ka kaulana

Hiki ke hōʻino ʻia ʻo Paul Gauguin no nā mea he nui - kumakaia i ka wahine mana, ka manaʻo ʻole i nā keiki, ka noho ʻana me nā keiki liʻiliʻi, ka ʻōlelo hōʻino, ka manaʻo ponoʻī.

Akā he aha ke ʻano o kēia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke kālena nui loa i hāʻawi ʻia e ka hopena iā ia?

Ua piha ʻo Gauguin i ka kūʻē, ka hakakā ʻole a me ke ola, e like me kahi hana keaka. A ʻo Gauguin kahi papa holoʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi honua a me nā haneli kiʻi pena. A he aesthetic hou loa e kāhāhā a hauʻoli hoʻi.

He mea maʻamau ke ola

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Paul Gauguin ma Iune 7, 1848 i loko o kahi ʻohana kaulana loa. ʻO ka makuahine o ka mea pena e hiki mai ana ke kaikamahine a kahi mea kākau kaulana. He mea kākau moʻolelo kālaiʻāina ʻo Pāpā.

Ma 23, loaʻa iā Gauguin kahi hana maikaʻi. Lilo ʻo ia i mea kūʻai waiwai kūleʻa. Akā i nā ahiahi a me nā hopena pule e pena ʻo ia.

I ka makahiki 25, ua mare ʻo ia iā Dutch Mette Sophie Gad. ʻAʻole naʻe ko lāua hui ʻana he moʻolelo e pili ana i ke aloha nui a me kahi hanohano o ka muse o ka haku nui. No ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻo Gauguin i ke aloha ʻoiaʻiʻo no ke akamai wale nō. Ka mea a ka wahine i mahele ole ai.

Inā hōʻike ʻo Gauguin i kāna wahine, he kakaikahi a kikoʻī. Eia kekahi laʻana, e kū'ē i ke kua o ka pā hina-ʻeleʻele, huli aʻe mai ka mea nānā aku.

Eia naʻe, e hānau nā kāne i ʻelima mau keiki, a, ma kahi o lākou, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻopili koke iā lākou. Ua manaʻo ʻo Mette i nā papa pena kiʻi a kāna kāne he hoʻopau manawa. Ua mare ʻo ia i kahi mea hoʻolimalima waiwai. A makemake au e alakaʻi i kahi ola ʻoluʻolu.

No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoholo a kāna kāne i hoʻoholo ai e haʻalele i kāna ʻoihana a komo wale i ka pena kiʻi no Mette he mea ʻino loa ia. ʻO kā lākou hui, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole e kū i kahi hoʻāʻo.

Ka hoomaka ana o Art

ʻO nā makahiki 10 mua o ka male ʻana o Paul lāua ʻo Mette i hala mālie a palekana. ʻO Gauguin he mea hoʻokamakama wale nō i ka pena kiʻi. A pena wale ʻo ia i kona manawa kūʻokoʻa mai ka waihona kālā.

ʻO ka mea nui loa, ua hoʻowalewale ʻia ʻo Gauguin nā mea hoʻopuka manaʻo. Eia kekahi o nā hana a Gauguin, i pena ʻia me nā hiʻohiʻona kukui Impressionist a me kahi kihi nani o ka ʻāina.

Ke kamaʻilio ikaika nei ʻo Gauguin me nā mea pena kiʻi kaulana o kona wā e like me Cezanne, Pissarro, Degar.

ʻIke ʻia ko lākou mana i nā hana mua a Gauguin. Eia kekahi laʻana, ma ka pena "Suzanne Sewing".

Paʻa ke kaikamahine i kāna hana, a me he mea lā ke kiu nei mākou iā ia. Ma ka ʻuhane o Degas.

ʻAʻole ʻimi ʻo Gauguin e hoʻonani iā ​​​​ia. Ua kūlou ʻo ia i luna, ʻaʻole maikaʻi kona kūlana a me kona ʻōpū. ʻO ka ʻili he "hoʻohaʻahaʻa" ʻaʻole wale i ka beige a me ka poni, akā i ka uliuli a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. A aia kēia i ka ʻuhane o Cezanne.

A ua ʻike maopopo ʻia kahi ʻoluʻolu a me ka maluhia mai Pissarro.

I ka makahiki 1883, i ka piha ana o Gauguin i 35 makahiki, ua lilo ia i wahi huli i kona mooolelo. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana ma ka waihona kālā, me ka hilinaʻi e lilo koke ʻo ia i kaulana ma ke ʻano he mea pena.

ʻAʻole naʻe i kūpono ka manaʻolana. Ua pau koke ke kālā i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. ʻO ka wahine ʻo Mette, ʻaʻole makemake e noho ʻilihune, haʻalele i kona mau mākua, lawe i nā keiki. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka hāʻule ʻana o ko lākou hui ʻohana.

ʻO Gauguin ma Beretania

ʻO ke kauwela 1886 noho ʻo Gauguin ma Brittany ma ka ʻākau o Farani.

Ma ʻaneʻi i hoʻomohala ai ʻo Gauguin i kāna ʻano ponoʻī. Ka mea e loli iki. A i ʻike ʻia ai ʻo ia.

ʻO ka maʻalahi o ke kaha kiʻi, e pili ana i ka caricature. Nā wahi nui o ke kala like. Nā waihoʻoluʻu mālamalama, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka melemele, uliuli, ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā ʻano kala like ʻole, ke ʻulaʻula ka honua a ʻulaʻula nā kumulāʻau. A me ka pohihihi a me ka pohihihi.

ʻIke mākou i kēia mau mea a pau i kekahi o nā haku nui o Gauguin o ka wā Breton - "ʻO ka hihiʻo ma hope o ka haʻiʻōlelo a i ʻole ka hakakā ʻana o Iakoba me ka ʻānela."

ʻO ka mea maoli e hālāwai me ka fantastic. ʻIke nā wahine Breton i nā pāpale keʻokeʻo i kahi hiʻohiʻona mai ka Buke o Genesis. Pehea o Iakoba e hakoko ana me ka anela.

Ke nānā nei kekahi (me ka bipi), ke pule nei kekahi. A ʻo kēia mau mea a pau e pili ana i ke kua o ka honua ʻulaʻula. Me he mea lā e hana ʻia ana i ka tropics, oversaturated me nā kala ʻulaʻula. I kekahi lā e haʻalele ai ʻo Gauguin i nā ʻāina ʻāina maoli. No ka pono anei o kona kala ma laila?

Ua hana ʻia kekahi hana nui ma Brittany - "Yellow Christ". ʻO kēia kiʻi ke kumu o kāna kiʻi ponoʻī (ma ka hoʻomaka o ka ʻatikala).

Mai kēia mau kiʻi pena, i hana ʻia ma Brittany, hiki ke ʻike i kahi ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o Gauguin a me nā Impressionists. Hōʻike nā Impressionists i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona ʻike me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi manaʻo huna.

Akā no Gauguin, he mea nui ka hoʻohālike. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hōʻailona ma ka pena.

E ʻike i ka mālie a me ka manaʻo ʻole o ka poʻe Breton e noho ana a puni iā ​​Kristo i kau ʻia ma ke keʻa. No laila, hōʻike ʻo Gauguin ua poina lōʻihi ka mōhai a Kristo. A ʻo ka hoʻomana no ka poʻe he nui, ua lilo ia i hoʻonohonoho pono.

No ke aha i hōʻike ai ka mea pena kiʻi iā ia iho i ke kua o kāna kiʻi pena me ka Kristo melemele? No keia mea, nui ka poe manaoio i makemake ole ia ia. E noʻonoʻo ana i nā "hōʻailona" e like me ka hōʻino. Ua manaʻo ʻo Gauguin iā ia iho he mea hōʻeha i nā ʻono o ka lehulehu, ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i kāna hana. Hoʻohālikelike pololei i ko lākou ʻeha me ka make ʻana o Kristo.

A ua paʻakikī loa ka lehulehu i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā ia. Ma Beretania, ua kauoha ke kiaaina o kekahi kaona uuku i ke kii o kana wahine. ʻO kēia keʻano i hānauʻia aiʻo "Beautiful Angela".

Pīhoihoi ka Angela maoli. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke noʻonoʻo he "nani" ʻo ia. Maka puaa liiki. Ihu pehu. Nā lima iwi nui.

A ma kona ʻaoʻao he kiʻi exotic. ʻO ka mea a ke kaikamahine i manaʻo ai he parody na kāna kāne. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻoi aku kona pōkole ma mua o kona kiʻekiʻe. He mea kupanaha no ka uhae ole ana o na mea kuai i ka lole me ka huhu.

ʻO Gauguin ma Arles

Ua maopopo ka hihia me ka "Beautiful Angela" ʻaʻole i hoʻohui i nā mea kūʻai aku iā Gauguin. Hoʻoikaika ka ʻilihune iā ia e ʻae i ka manaʻo ʻO Van Gogh  e pili ana i ka hana pu ana. Ua hele ʻo ia e ʻike iā ia ma Arles, hema o Farani. Manaʻolana e maʻalahi ke ola pū.

Ma ʻaneʻi kākau lākou i nā kānaka like, nā wahi like. E like me ka laʻana, ʻo Madame Gidoux, ka mea nona ka cafe kūloko. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa ke ʻano. Manaʻo wau hiki iā ʻoe ke koho maʻalahi (inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i ʻike i kēia mau kiʻi pena ma mua) aia i hea ka lima o Gauguin, a ma hea ʻo Van Gogh.

ʻIke e pili ana i nā kiʻi pena ma ka hope o ka ʻatikala*

Akā, ʻaʻole hiki iā Paul ke hoʻoikaika a hilinaʻi iā ia iho a me ka makaʻu, huhū wikiwiki ʻo Vincent ma lalo o ka hale hoʻokahi. A i kekahi manawa, i ka wela o ka hakaka, kokoke pepehi ʻo Van Gogh iā Gauguin.

Ua pau ka pilina. A ʻo Van Gogh, ʻeha ʻia e ka mihi, ʻoki ʻo ia i kona ʻāʻī pepeiao.

ʻO Gauguin i ka ʻāina ʻāina

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1890, ua hopu ʻia ka mea pena e kahi manaʻo hou - e hoʻonohonoho i kahi papa hana ma nā ʻāina. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e noho ma Tahiti.

ʻAʻole like ke ola ma nā mokupuni e like me ka Gauguin i ka wā mua. Ua ʻae ka poʻe kamaʻāina iā ia me ke anuanu, a he liʻiliʻi ka "moʻomeheu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia" i koe - ua lōʻihi ka lawe ʻana mai o nā colonists i ka moʻomeheu i kēia mau wahi hihiu.

ʻAʻole ʻae ka poʻe kamaʻāina e hoʻonoho iā Gauguin. A inā hiki lākou i kona hale noho, hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou iā lākou iho ma ke ʻano ʻEulopa.

I loko o kona ola ʻana ma French Polynesia, e ʻimi ʻo Gauguin i kahi moʻomeheu maoli "maʻemaʻe", e noho mamao loa mai nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale i lako ʻia e ka poʻe Farani.

hana ʻano ʻē

ʻO ka mea kānalua, ua wehe ʻo Gauguin i kahi aesthetics hou i ka pena kiʻi no nā ʻEulopa. Me kēlā me kēia moku, hoʻouna ʻo ia i kāna mau kiʻi pena i ka "ʻāina nui".

ʻO nā canvases e hōʻike ana i nā nani ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i loko o kahi hui kahiko i hoʻāla i ka hoihoi nui i waena o ka lehulehu o ʻEulopa.

Ua aʻo nui ʻo Gauguin i ka moʻomeheu kūloko, nā kuʻuna, nā moʻolelo. No laila, i ka pena "The Loss of Virginity", ua hōʻike like ʻo Gauguin i ka hana maʻamau o ka poʻe Tahiti ma mua o ka male ʻana.

Ua ʻaihue ʻia ka wahine mare ma ka pō o ka male ʻana e nā hoaaloha o ke kāne mare. Ua "kōkua" lākou iā ia e hana i ke kaikamahine i wahine. ʻO ia hoʻi, no lāua ka pō male mua.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia maʻamau e nā mikionali i ka manawa i hiki mai ai ʻo Gauguin. Ua aʻo ka mea pena e pili ana iā ia mai nā moʻolelo o nā kamaʻāina.

Ua makemake nō hoʻi ʻo Gauguin e noʻonoʻo. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o kāna kiʻi pena kaulana "No hea mai mākou? ʻO wai mākou? E hele ana mākou i hea?"

ʻO ke ola pilikino o Gauguin ma nā ʻāina ʻāina

Nui nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ke ola pilikino o Gauguin ma ka mokupuni.

'Ōlelo lākou ua moekolohe loa ka mea pena i kona pilina me nā mulattos kūloko. Ua loaʻa ʻo ia i nā maʻi venereal he nui. Akā, ua mālama ka mōʻaukala i ka inoa o kekahi mau mea aloha.

ʻO ka pilina kaulana loa ʻo Tehura he 13 makahiki. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi kaikamahine ʻōpio ma ka pena "The Spirit of the Dead Does Not Sleep".

Ua haʻalele ʻo Gauguin i kāna hāpai ʻana, a haʻalele i Farani. Mai kēia pilina, ua hānau ʻia ke keikikāne ʻo Emil. Ua hānai ʻia ʻo ia e kahi kanaka kamaʻāina a Tehura i male ai. Ua ʻike ʻia ua ola ʻo Emil i 80 mau makahiki a make i ka ʻilihune.

Hoʻomaopopo koke ma hope o ka make

ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Gauguin ka manawa e hauʻoli ai i ka holomua.

ʻO nā maʻi he nui, nā pilina paʻakikī me nā mikionali, nele i ke kālā - ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa kēia mau mea i ka ikaika o ka mea pena. Ma ka lā 8 o Mei, 1903, make ʻo Gauguin.

Eia kekahi o kāna mau kiʻi pena hou loa, ʻo The Spell. Ma kahi e ʻike nui ʻia ai ka hui ʻana o ka ʻōiwi a me ka colonial. ʻO ke kilo a me ke keʻa. He olohelohe a he lole kuli.

A he lole pena lahilahi. Pono ʻo Gauguin e mālama i ke kālā. Inā ʻoe i ʻike i ka hana a Gauguin e ola ana, a laila ua hoʻolohe paha ʻoe i kēia.

Ma keʻano he mea hoʻohenehene i ka mea pena kiʻiʻilihune, ulu nā hanana ma hope o kona makeʻana. Hoʻonohonoho ʻo Dealer Vollard i kahi hōʻikeʻike nui o Gauguin. Hāʻawi ʻo Salon** i kahi lumi holoʻokoʻa nona ...

ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo Gauguin e ʻauʻau i kēia nani nani. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ola iki iā ia ...

Eia naʻe, ua lilo ka mea pena kiʻi i mea make ʻole - ʻo kāna mau kiʻi kiʻi e kāhāhā mau ana me ko lākou mau laina paʻakiki, ka waihoʻoluʻu exotic a me ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa.

ʻO Gauguin ma Rusia

He nui na hana a Gauguin ma Rusia. Mahalo a pau i nā mea hōʻiliʻili mua-kipi ʻo Ivan Morozov a me Sergei Shchukin. Ua lawe mai lakou i na kii he nui na ka haku.

ʻO kekahi o nā hana nui o Gauguin "Girl holding a fruit" i mālama ʻia i loko Hermitage ma St. Petersburg.

E heluhelu pū hoʻi e pili ana i ka haku hana a ka mea pena "Lio keʻokeʻo".

* Hema: Paul Gauguin. Ma ka hale ʻaina pō. 1888 Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin, Moscow. ʻĀkau: Van Gogh. ʻArlesia. 1889

** He hui ma Paris i hōʻike i ka hana a nā mea pena kiʻi i ʻike ʻia i ka lehulehu.

***

Comments poe heluhelu e ae e nana malalo. Hoʻohui pinepine lākou i kahi ʻatikala. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kaʻana like i kou manaʻo e pili ana i ka pena pena a me ka mea pena, a me ka nīnau ʻana i ka mea kākau i nīnau.

Kiʻi kiʻi nui: Paul Gauguin. Kiʻi ponoʻī me ka Kristo melemele. 1890 Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Orsay.