ʻO ka wili daimana - nā mea āpau e pili ana i ke ʻoki kūpono o nā daimana

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana nui o ka hoʻoliʻi ʻana i nā pōhaku makamae e hoʻi i ka wā kahiko. Ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ka poʻe Sumerians, ʻAsuria a me Akkid i nā mea nani a me nā amulets, kahi i hoʻonoho ʻia ai nā pōhaku makamae, he poepoe a ʻaʻole hoʻi i kahakaha ʻia, akā nani hoʻi. Hāʻawi ʻia nā mea no nā pōhaku ʻala i ke kanaka ma ke ʻano maoli, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻili ʻālohilohi o nā kristal he nui i hana pono ʻia. ʻO ke kanaka, e hoʻohālike ana i keʻano, ke kaʻina hana wili, ma o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kaʻenehana, ua wikiwiki a hoʻomaikaʻi waleʻia, e ho'āla ana i ka nani o nā pōhaku e like me ka moeʻuhane.

ʻO nā hoʻāʻo mua e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā daimana mai ka makahiki XNUMX, a me ke ʻano o ka ʻoki nani, ʻaʻole i hemolele, a hiki i ke kenekulia XNUMX. nā hopena o nā daimana, i kapa ʻia e ka gemologists he brilliance.

Nā ʻano haʻawina

ʻO ka mineralogically, he kalapona maʻemaʻe ke daimana (C). Ua crystallizes i loko o ka pono'ōnaehana, loa pinepine i loko o ke ano octahedrons (Fig. 1), emi pinepine tetra-, eono-, umikumamalua-, a loa kakaikahi octahedrons (Fig. 1). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ʻano liʻiliʻi nā kristal maʻemaʻe i hana ʻia a liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO nā kristal nui aʻe i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻole ʻia (kiʻi 2). ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he ʻano mosaic ma muli o nā māhoe lehulehu a i ʻole adhesions; He poepoe na kihi o na kelika he nui, a o na paia, he popopo, he oolea, a i ole ia. Aia kekahi mau kristal deformed a etched; ʻO kā lākou hoʻokumu ʻana e pili pono ana i nā kūlana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana (surface etching). ʻO nā māhoe ʻano spinel nā ʻano maʻamau, kahi o ka mokulele o ka hui ʻana ka mokulele o ka octahedron (111). Ua ʻike ʻia nā māhoe lehulehu, e hana ana i nā kiʻi hoku. Aia pū kekahi mau adhesions ʻole. Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano maʻamau i ke ʻano ma ka fig. 2. Aia na gem daimana (ka maemae loa, aneane hemolele kristal) a me ka oaoieei daimana, i maheleia i papa, carbonados, ballas, etc. e like me mineralogical ano. hina a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻO Ballas ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā kīʻaha, ʻo ka pinepine o kahi ʻano ʻālohilohi a me ke kala hina. ʻO Carbonado, i kapa ʻia ʻo daimana ʻeleʻele, he cryptocrystalline."ʻO ka nui o ka hana daimana mai ka wā kahiko i manaʻo ʻia he 4,5 biliona carats, me ka huina o $300 biliona."

wili daimana

ʻO ke kumu o ka hana nui o ka poni daimana mai ka wā kahiko. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe mua ka poʻe Sumerians, ʻAsuria a me Babulona i nā pōhaku ʻokiʻoki i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea nani, nā amulets a me nā talismans. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo nā pōhaku wili i hoʻoulu ʻia e ke ʻano ponoʻī, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻili o nā kristal i hana maikaʻi ʻia e ʻālohilohi me ka nani, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻiliʻili i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka wai me ka ʻulaʻula ikaika a me ke kala ʻano. No laila, ua hoʻohālike lākou i ke ʻano ma ka ʻoki ʻana i nā pōhaku paʻakikī liʻiliʻi me nā mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, hāʻawi iā lākou i ke ʻano poepoe, akā asymmetrical, ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka poli ʻana o nā pōhaku i ke ʻano like ʻole ma hope mai. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua ulu ka ʻano cabochon hou mai nā ʻano poepoe; Aia kekahi mau ʻili palahalaha i hana ʻia ai ke kahakaha ʻana. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua ʻike ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā pōhaku me nā helehelena i hoʻonohonoho ʻia (facets) ma mua o ke kahakaha ʻana o nā pōhaku. ʻO nā pōhaku pālahalaha me nā paia i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, a mākou e mahalo nei i kēia lā, no ka Middle Ages wale nō. 

Nā ʻanuʻu o ka poni daimana

I ke kaʻina hana o nā daimana, kū i waho nā mea ʻoki 7 nā pae.Hana mua - ke kahua hoʻomākaukau, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ke daimana koʻikoʻi i kahi hoʻokolokolo kikoʻī. ʻO nā mea nui loa ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ke aniani, kona maʻemaʻe a me kona kala. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi o nā daimana (cube, octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron) ua ʻike maopopo ʻia i nā kūlana kūlohelohe. Kakaʻikahi, ua kaupalena ʻia nā kristal daimana i nā maka palahalaha a me nā ʻaoʻao pololei. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia lākou i nā degere like ʻole a hana i nā ʻili like ʻole. Nui nā ʻano convex, concave a i ʻole skeletal. I ka manawa like, ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano maʻalahi, ʻoi aku a liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano distorted, hiki ke ala mai nā ʻano paʻakikī, ʻo ia ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano maʻalahi a i ʻole kā lākou mau māhoe. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kristal deformed distortedly, i nalowale i ko lākou ʻano kumu o kahi cube, octahedron a i ʻole rhombic dodecahedron. No laila, pono e ʻike pono i kēia mau deformation deformation a pau e hiki ke hoʻopili i ke kaʻina hana ma hope o ke kaʻina hana, a hoʻolālā i ke kaʻina hana i mea e hiki ai ke kiʻekiʻe ka hua o nā daimana ʻoki. ʻO ke kala o nā daimana pili ʻole i ke ʻano o nā kristal. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua ʻike ʻia he melemele ka nui o nā dodecahedrons orthorhombic, aʻo nā octahedrons ʻaʻohe kala. I ka manawa like, i loko o nā kristal he nui, hiki ke loaʻa ka inhomogeneity kala, i loko o ka zonal a me ka ʻokoʻa o ka saturation kala. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoholo pololei ʻana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa he hopena koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi i ka hana ʻana a me ka maikaʻi ma hope o nā pōhaku poli. ʻO ke kolu o ka mea nui e hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka pae mua, ʻo ia ka maʻemaʻe o ka daimana ʻoʻoleʻa. No laila, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā inclusions, ka nui, ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ka nui a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka kristal. Hoʻoholo pū ʻia ka wahi a me ka nui o nā hōʻailona chip, nā māwae haʻihaʻi a me nā māwae koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi nā haunaele a pau e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke kaʻina wili a pili i ka loiloi hope o ka maikaʻi o ka pōhaku. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano tomography computed i mea pono loa i kēia ʻano. ʻO kēia mauʻano, mahalo i ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi mea kūpono, hāʻawi i kahi kiʻiʻekolu o ke daimana me kona mau hemahema i loko, mahaloʻia, ma o ka hoʻohālikelike kamepiula, hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ponoʻia nā hana a pau e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana wili. ʻO kahi pilikia nui i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kēia ʻano, ʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka mīkini, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻohana mau ai nā mea wili i nā ʻano kuʻuna o ka nānā ʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi "window" liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ma kekahi o nā ʻaoʻao. o ke aniani.Kahua ʻelua - ka pohā o ke aniani. Hana ʻia kēia hana ma luna o nā crystals underdeveloped, deformed, twinned a i ʻole nā ​​​​kilika i hoʻohaumia nui ʻia. He hana kēia e pono ai ka ʻike a me ka ʻike. ʻO ka laina lalo, ʻo ia ka māhele ʻana i ke aniani i ke ʻano o kona mau ʻāpana ʻaʻole i nui wale i ka hiki, akā maʻemaʻe hoʻi e like me ka hiki, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke kūpono no ka hana hou ʻana e hoʻopili ʻia me nā pōhaku i hana ʻia. No laila, i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale ai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana ʻaʻole wale i nā wahi hoʻokaʻawale hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (nā mokulele cleavage), akā i ka manawa like hoʻi e hoʻopau i nā ʻano like ʻole o waho a me loko, e like me nā māwae, nā mokulele māhoe, nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka cleavage, nā mea hoʻokomo nui, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He mea pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ua ʻike ʻia kēlā daimana e ka octahedral cleavage (ma ka (111) plane), a no laila, ʻo nā papa o ka ʻāpana o ka octahedron. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka pololei o kā lākou wehewehe ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi o ka hana holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka fragility kiʻekiʻe o ke daimana.ʻO ke kolu o ka manawa – ʻoki (crystal cutting). Hanaʻia kēia hana ma luna o nā kristal nui i hana maikaʻiʻia ma keʻano o ka cube, ka octahedron a me ka dodecahedron orthorhombic, inā ua hoʻolālā muaʻia ka māhele o ka kristal i nā'āpana. No ka ʻoki ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻoki kūikawā (saws) me nā disc keleawe phosphor (photo 3).Papa Hana - ka wili mua ʻana, aia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kiʻi (Fig. 3). Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi rondist, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi ʻāpana e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ka ʻaoʻao luna (lei) o ka pōhaku mai kona ʻaoʻao lalo (pavilion). I ka hihia o kahi ʻoki nani, loaʻa i ka rondist kahi outline poepoe.Mōʻalima kahi - ka wili pololei, ʻo ia ka wili ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka pōhaku, a laila ka collet a me nā maka nui o ka lei aliʻi a me ka pavilion (photo 4). Hoʻopau ka hana i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā helehelena i koe. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻoki ʻana, koho ʻia nā pōhaku e hoʻoholo i nā kuhikuhi o ka ʻoki ʻana, e pili ana me ka anisotropy o ka paʻakikī. ʻO ke kānāwai maʻamau i ka wā e hoʻolale ai i nā daimana, ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili o ka pōhaku e like me nā paia o ka pahu (100), nā paia o ka octahedron (111) a i ʻole nā ​​paia o ka dodecahedron daimana (110) (Fig. 4). Ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano rhombus ʻekolu: kahi rhombus ʻehā (Fig. 4a), rhombus ʻekolu-pointed (Fig. 4b) a me kahi rhombus ʻaoʻao ʻelua (Fig. 5), fig. i loko). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka hoʻokolohua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wili ʻana i nā mokulele e like me ke axis symmetry ʻehā. ʻO ia mau mokulele nā ​​maka o ka pahu a me ka dodecahedron rhombic. I ka huli ʻana, ʻo nā mokulele o ka octahedron e pili ana i kēia mau koʻi ka mea paʻakikī loa e wili. A no ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā maka i wili ʻia he ʻano like wale nō me ke axis symmetry o ka papa ʻehā, ua koho ʻia nā kuhikuhi wili e pili kokoke ana i kekahi o kēia mau koi. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka anisotropy o ka paʻakikī ma ke ʻano o kahi ʻoki nani. XNUMX.ʻAono ʻanuʻu - polishing, ʻo ia ka hoʻomau o ka wili ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā disc polishing kūpono no kēia.pae ʻehiku - ka nānā ʻana i ka pololei o ka ʻoki, kona ʻāpana a me ka symmetry, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe me ka hoʻolapalapa ʻana i loko o kahi hopena o nā waikawa, ka nui o ka sulfuric acid.

Hoʻonui kaumaha

ʻO ka hua nui o nā kristal daimana i ʻoki ʻia e pili ana i ko lākou ʻano (ke ʻano), a he mea nui ka laha nui. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia e ka ʻikepili i helu ʻia, e like me ka hua o nā daimana i ʻoki ʻia mai nā ʻano i hana ʻia ma kahi o 50-60% o ka nui mua, ʻoiai me nā ʻano deformed maopopo he 30% wale nō, a me nā ʻano pālahalaha, he māhoe. aia ma kahi o 10–20% wale nō (kiʻi 5, 1-12).

ANTO BRILLIARIA

ʻoki rosette

ʻO ka ʻoki rosette ka ʻoki mua e hoʻohana i nā ʻaoʻao pālahalaha. No ka rose ka inoa o kēia ʻano; ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi ʻano like i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao i ka pōhaku me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā petals o kahi rose i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻoki rosette i ke kenekulia 6; i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia a i ka wā e hana ai i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā pōhaku, ka mea i kapa ʻia. makle. I ka wā Victorian, ua hoʻohana ʻia ia e wili i ka garnet ʻulaʻula hohonu, kahi mea nani loa i kēlā manawa. He ʻaoʻao luna ʻaoʻao wale nō ka ʻaoʻao o nā pōhaku, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa he kumu palahalaha. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o luna me he pyramid me nā helehelena triangular e hui pū ana ma kahi kihi ʻoi aʻe a liʻiliʻi paha i luna. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano maʻalahi o ka ʻoki rosette i ka fig. 7. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻano ʻoki rosette ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa. ʻO kēia mau mea: ka rosette Dutch piha (fig. 7 a), ka Antwerp or Brabant rosette (fig. XNUMX b) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui. Ma keʻano o kahiʻano pālua, hiki ke ho'ākākaʻia ma keʻano he pilina kumu o nāʻanoʻelua, loaʻa ka lua Dutch socket.

ʻOki tile

ʻO kēia paha ka ʻoki faceted mua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke ʻano octagonal o ke aniani daimana. ʻO kona ʻano maʻalahi e like me ka octahedron me ʻelua mau ʻokiʻoki ʻia. Ma ka ʻaoʻao luna, ua like ka ʻili aniani me ka hapalua o ka pauku kea o ka octahedron ma kona ʻāpana ākea, ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa he hapalua ia. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻoki tile e ka poʻe India kahiko. Ua lawe ʻia i ʻEulopa i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 8 e nā mea wili Nuremberg. Nui nā ʻano o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka papa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Mazarin cut (Fig. 8a) a me Peruzzi (Fig. XNUMXb), pālahalaha ma Farani a me Italia i ke kenekulia XNUMX. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻoki tile ma ke ʻano maikaʻi loa; ʻO nā pōhaku i ʻoki ʻia ma ke ʻano he uhi uhi no nā ʻano liʻiliʻi i hoʻokomo ʻia, no ka laʻana, i loko o nā apo.

ʻoki ʻanuʻu

ʻO ka prototype o kēia ʻano ʻokiʻoki, i kēia manawa maʻamau, ʻo ia ka ʻoki tile. Hōʻike ʻia ia e kahi ʻili pālahalaha nui (panel) i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi ʻano o nā ʻaoʻao ʻāpana e like me nā ʻanuʻu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka pōhaku, ulu mālie nā ʻaoʻao, e iho kiʻekiʻe i kona lihi ākea; ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka pōhaku, ʻike ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻāpana like, e iho ana i ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ke kumu. Hiki i ka outline o ka pohaku ke huinaha, rectangular, triangular, rhombic or fancy: kite, star, key, etc. ʻO kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻāpana a i ʻole ʻāpana ʻokiʻoki me nā kihi ʻokiʻoki (kahi ʻāpana octagonal o ka pōhaku ma ka mokulele rondist) i kapa ʻia he ʻoki emerald (Fig. 9). ʻO nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi, heʻanuʻu a elongated, rectangular a trapezoidal paha, ua ʻike ʻia he baguettes (Baquette Farani) (Fig. 10 a, b); ʻO kā lākou ʻano like ʻole he pōhaku ʻokiʻoki ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo carré (Fig. 10c).

Nā ʻoki nani kahiko

I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani, loaʻa pinepine nā daimana i kahi ʻoki ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa mai nā ʻāpana "kūpono". ʻO ka pinepine, he mau daimana kahiko kēia i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia 11 a i ʻole ma mua. ʻAʻole hōʻike kēlā mau daimana i nā hopena optical kupaianaha e like me nā mea i ʻoki ʻia i kēia lā. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā daimana o ka ʻoki nani kahiko i ʻelua pūʻulu, ʻo ka huli ʻana ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia ʻumikumamāiwa. ʻaoʻao. , kahi hoʻonohonoho hiʻohiʻona o nā helehelena, kahi kumu nui loa a me kahi puka makani liʻiliʻi (Fig. 12). ʻO nā daimana i ʻoki ʻia ma hope o kēia manawa he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me kahi collet i ʻoki nui ʻia, akā naʻe, ʻo ka outline o ka pōhaku he poepoe a kokoke i ka poepoe a ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao he symmetrical (fig. XNUMX).

OKI NUI

Hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ʻoki nani no nā daimana, no laila ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia ka inoa "brilliant" me ka inoa o ka daimana. Ua hana ʻia ka ʻoki nani i ke kenekulia 13 (ke manaʻo nei kekahi mau kumu i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kenekulia 33) e ka mea wili Venetian Vincenzio Peruzzi. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo hou "diamond" (Fig. 25, a) e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano poepoe me 1 mau ʻaoʻao ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna (lei aliʻi), me ke aniani, a ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa (pavilion) me 8 mau maka, me nā collets. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā helehelena ma lalo nei: 8) ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe (lei aliʻi) - he puka makani, 16 maka o ka puka makani, 13 mau maka nui o ka lei aliʻi, 2 maka o ka lei aliʻi rondist (Fig. 8 b); 16) ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa (pavilion) - 13 mau maka nui o ka pavilion, XNUMX mau maka o ka pavilion rondist, tsar (Fig. XNUMX c) ʻO ka ʻāpana e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā ʻaoʻao luna a me lalo i kapa ʻia ʻo rondist; hāʻawi ia i ka palekana mai ka pōʻino i nā kihi converging o nā ʻaoʻao. 

E nānā pū i kā mākou compendium o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā pōhaku ʻē aʻe:

• Daimana / Daimana
• ʻO ka Rubin
• amethyst
• Aquamarine
• Kaute
• ametrine
• Sapphira
• Emerald
• Topaz
• ʻO Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• uwē
• Peridot
• Alexandrite
• Heliodora