E hui me nā daimana nui loa i loaʻa ma ka honua

ka diamond ke kumu nui o ka mahalo a me nā manaʻo, me he mea lā he mea kupua, mystical - a he ʻano kalapona wale nō ia i ke ʻano crystalline. ʻO kēia pōhaku waiwai loano ka mea, ʻike pinepine ʻia ma kahi hohonu o hoʻokahi haneli a me kanalima mika mai ka ʻili o ka honua. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka daimana ma lalo o ka mana o ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi. ʻO kēia ka mea paakiki loa ma ka honua neiMahalo i kēia, ma kahi o nā mea nani, hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia i ka ʻoihana.

He Moolelo Pokole no ka Daimana

I ka wā i poni ʻia, lilo ka daimana i mea ʻālohilohi, nani iridescent, maʻemaʻe a hemolele - ʻo ia ke kumu i makemake nui ʻia a waiwai nui i nā mea nani. No ka manawa lōʻihi ua waiwai nui kēia mea. Ua pili pū me nā ʻāina e like me India, ʻAigupita, a laila Helene, kahi i lawe ʻia ai kēia mau pōhaku e Alexander the Great - a ʻo ʻApelika. ʻO Lodewijk van Berken ka mea mua i hoʻolauna i ke ʻano hana polishing daimana. I ka wā kahiko, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia kēlā he mana huna nui ko ka pōhaku makamae. Ua manaʻo ʻia e pale aku i nā maʻi a me nā daimonio. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke ʻano pauda, ​​hoʻohana nā kauka e mālama i nā maʻi like ʻole.

ʻO ke daimana nui loa ma ka honua - Cullinan

Ua kapa ʻia ka daimana nui ʻo Cullinan. ole Hoku Nui o Aferika. Ua ʻike ʻia e koʻu kiaʻi ʻo Frederick Wells. Ua hana ʻia ma Pretoria, ʻApelika Hema. ʻO ka ʻāpana ma ka mana mua he 3106 carats (621,2 grams!), A me kona nui 10x6x5 cm.

ʻIke ʻia, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana ua ʻoi aku ka nui, ua māhele ʻia - na wai a pehea paha, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia. Eia naʻe, i ka wā ma hope ʻaʻole i mau ka pōhaku i kēia nui. Ua kūʻai ke aupuni Transvaal i ka pōhaku no ka £150. I ka makahiki 000, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā King Edward VII i ka manawa o kona lā hānau 1907th. Ua kauoha ʻo King Edward i ka hui Dutch e puʻunaue i ka pōhaku i 66 mau ʻāpana - 105 liʻiliʻi a me 96 nui, i hana ʻia. Hāʻawi ʻia lākou i ka waihona kālā o Lākana, a laila, mai ka makahiki 6, ua hoʻonani ʻia lākou me nā hōʻailona mokuʻāina ma ke ʻano o nā daimana.

ʻO ka lua nui - ʻo ka daimana Cullinan nui loa o ka honua i loaʻa ma aneʻi

Ua loaʻa ʻo Cullinan ma ka Premier Mine (mai ka makahiki 2003 i kapa hou ʻia ʻo Cullinan ma ʻApelika Hema), aia ma 25 mau kilomita ma ka hikina o ke kapikala ʻo ʻApelika Hema o Pretoria. Ua loaʻa ka daimana ma 1905, ma lalo o 2 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana piha o ka maina, i loko o kāna moʻolelo kahiko i loaʻa ka helu nui loa o nā daimana koʻikoʻi ma luna o 100 carats (ma luna o 300 mau pōhaku) a ʻoi aku ma mua o 25% o nā mea āpau. daimana ʻoʻoleʻa. ʻoi aku ma mua o 400 carats i ʻike ʻia.

ʻO nā daimana kaulana i ʻeli ʻia ma ka Premier Mine penei:

1) Taylor-Burton (240,80 carats); 2) Premier Rose (353,90 carats); 3) Niarchos (426,50 carats); 4) Keneta (599,10 carats); 5) Iubile Gula (755,50, 6 carats); 27,64) Heart of Eternity (11 carats), uliuli hohonu a me XNUMX mau daimana polū hou aʻe i haku i ka De Beers Millennium Collection De Beers kaulana.

ko'u mua no hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki i hele ai i loko o nā ʻano haunaele. Ua pani ʻia no ka manawa mua i ʻelua makahiki ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua i ka makahiki 1914. ʻO ka mine, i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻoihana ʻo "Great Depression" a i ʻole "Great Hole", ua pani hou ʻia i ka makahiki 1932. Ua hāmama ʻo ia. a pani ʻia (ʻaʻole hoʻi i hana i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua) ua hoʻomaka e nalowale kona koʻikoʻi a hiki i 1977, i ka wā i lawe ʻia ai e De Beers. Ma hope o ka hopu ʻia ʻana, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e uhaʻi i kahi ʻāpana 70-mika o nā pōhaku lua pele, e ālai ana i ke komo ʻana i nā pōhaku kimberlite aia ma kahi hohonu o 550 m i loko o kahi chimney kimberlite, ua pili pū ka hoʻolālā i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pōhaku kimberlite, a i ʻole. akā, uliuli honua - uliuli honua, ka mea maoli daimana-haawe breccia, ina wale he daimana waiho i loaʻa, ka exploitation o ka mea e economically waiwai. Ua uku ka pilikia a ua hoʻomaka ka mine e uku. I ka makahiki 2004, ua hana ka lua o Cullinan i 1,3 miliona carats o daimana. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻohana ʻia nei ka waihona ma kahi hohonu o 763 m, ʻoiai ke hoʻomaka nei ka noiʻi ʻāina a me ka hana hoʻomākaukau e hoʻohonu i ke kumu i ka hohonu o lalo o 1100 m. hoʻonui ʻia no 20-25 mau makahiki.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala a me ka hopena o ka daimana nui loa ma ka honua

Ma Ianuali 26, 1905, ua loaʻa i ka luna o ke Kuhina Nui, ʻo Kāpena Frederick Wells, he aniani daimana nunui i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻeli. Ua paʻi koke ka lono o ka loaʻa ʻana i ka paʻi, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ke kumukūʻai o ka daimana ma kahi o US $ 4-100 miliona, e alakaʻi ana i ka piʻi koke ʻana o 80% o ke kuleana o Premier (Transvaal) Diamond Mining Ltd. ʻO ka kristal Cullinan i loaʻa i ka hanohano o Sir Thomas Major Cullinan, ka luna o ka hui a me ka mea mākaʻikaʻi o nā mines.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo TM Cullinan i ka makahiki 1887 ma Johannesburg (South Africa) ma ke ʻano he nui o ka poʻe i komo i ka "gold rush", nāna i lawe mai i nā tausani o nā miners gula a me nā mea hoʻolaha i ʻApelika Hema. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Cullinan ʻoihana i kāna ʻoihana ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kahua hoʻomoana no nā malihini mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua, a laila nā kauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa, kahi āna i loaʻa ai ka waiwai. I ka 90s mua, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia a me kahi pūʻulu o nā hoaaloha i ka Driekopjes Diamond Meeting Co., kahi i ʻike ai i nā daimana, a ua hoʻopau ʻia kāna mau hana i Nowemapa 1899 e ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua ma waena o nā Boers (Afrikaners, nā mamo a nā kolone Dutch. ka mea i noho ma ke kenekulia 1902 ma ʻApelika Hema) me ka poʻe Pelekania (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Second Boer War). Ma hope o ke kaua, ʻo Cullinan, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ana i kāna hana ʻimi, ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi waihona daimana aluvial kokoke i ke kapikala ʻo ʻApelika Hema ʻo Pretoria ma Transvaal, kahi panalāʻau i noho aliʻi ʻia e ka Dutch. Ua hānai ʻia nā waihona daimana e nā wai o nā kahawai he nui, ʻo nā kumu o ia mea aia ma ka māla Elandsfontein, nona ka W. Prinsloo. I nā makahiki, ua hōʻole mau ʻo Prinsloo i nā makana waiwai he nui e kūʻai hou aku i ka mahiʻai. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Boer ʻElua i Mei XNUMX a me ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o Traswall i ka mana Pelekania, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻopau ʻia ka mahiʻai e nā pūʻali koa Pelekane lanakila, hāʻule i loko o ka pōʻino kālā, a ma hope koke iho, ua make ka mea nona ka ʻilihune.   

Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Cullinan i nā hoʻoilina Prinsloo £150 no nā kuleana hoʻolimalima mau i ka mahiʻai (e uku ʻia ma nā ʻāpana) a i ʻole $000 i ke kālā e kūʻai hou aku i ka mahiʻai. I ka hopena, i ka lā 45 o Nowemapa, 000, kūʻai ʻo Cullinan i ka mahiʻai no £7 a kapa hou i kāna hui ʻo Driekopjes Diamond Mining Premier (Transvaal) Diamond Mining Co. Ma waena o nā mea hoʻokumu a me nā mea kuleana o ka hui ʻo Bernard Oppenheimer, ke kaikuaʻana o Ernest Oppenheimer, ka luna hoʻomalu o De Beers Consolidated Mines.

I loko o ʻelua mahina ua ʻeli ʻia. 187 karata daimana i hōʻoia ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi chimney kimberlite kūpono. I ka mahina o Iune 1903, ua kau aku ke aupuni o Transvaal i ka auhau he 60 pakeneka ma na loaa o ka hui, a i ka hopena o ka makahiki, ua loaa mai he 749 carats o na daimana nona ka £653.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o Cullinan i ka makahiki 1905 ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi manaʻo nui.ʻo ia ke kumu no nā helu helu he nui, nā manaʻo a me nā moʻolelo. No ka laʻana, i loko o kahi ninaninau, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Molengraaff, ka luna o ka South Africa Mining Commission, "ʻo Cullinan hoʻokahi wale nō o ʻehā mau ʻāpana aniani i loaʻa, a ʻo nā ʻāpana ʻekolu o ka nui like ʻole i waiho ʻia i loko o ka lepo." Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia kēia ʻike.

Ma ʻApelila 1905, ua hoʻonoho ʻia ʻo Cullinan i ka London Prime Minister's (Transvaal) Diamond Meeting Co., S. Neuman & Co., kahi āna i noho ai no ʻelua makahiki, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka lōʻihi o ka lawe ʻana i ke Kōmike ʻAhaʻōlelo Transwald e hoʻoholo e kūʻai i daimana. . I kēlā manawa, ke kūkākūkā nei nā alakaʻi Afrikaner, ʻo Generals L. Botha lāua ʻo J. Smuts, me nā luna Pelekane no ka hoʻokau ʻana i ke komisina a me kona ʻae ʻana i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka pōhaku. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka hana pilikino a ka Under-Secretary for the Colonies, ka mea i lilo i Kuhina Nui o United Kingdom. Great Britain W. Churchill, mamuli o ka apono ana o ke komisina i ka la 2 o Augate, e kuai i ka Cullinan no 1907 150. Paona. Ua hōʻike ka mōʻī Pelekane ʻo King Edward II, ma o ke Kakauolelo o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo Lord Elgin no nā Koloni, i ka manaʻo i kāohi ʻia a hāʻawi ʻoluʻolu e ʻae i ka daimana ma ke ʻano he "hōʻoia o ka kūpaʻa a me ka pili ʻana o ka poʻe o Transvaal i ka noho aliʻi a me ka mōʻī."

He paio no ke kaumaha o ke daimana nui loa

ʻOiai ʻO ka Cullinan kekahi o nā daimana kaulana loa i ka mōʻaukala.ʻOiai ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia kona mau waiwai a me kona kumu, ua nui ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i kona nui. Ua kū lākou ma muli o ka nele o nā kūlana honua a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻāpana o ka nui i ka carats. ʻO ka "carat English", e pili ana i ka nuipa o 0,2053 g, a me ka "Dutch carat" o 0,2057 g ua ʻokoʻa loa ia mai ka "metric carat" o 0,2000 g.

Ua kaupaona ʻia ʻo Cullinan i ka wā i loaʻa ai ke kaumaha ma ke keʻena o nā hoa o ke Kuhina Nui 3024,75 karata ʻEnelania laila kaupaona ʻia ma ke keʻena ʻo Lākana o ka hui he 3025,75 karata ʻEnelani kona nui. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o hoʻokahi carat i kēia hihia i kū mai ma muli o ka nele o ke kānāwai a me ke koi ʻana i ke kānāwai o nā paona a me nā unahi. Ua kaupaona ʻia ʻo Cullinan ma mua o ka māhele ʻana ma J. Asscher & Co. ma Amsterdam i ka makahiki 1908 he 3019,75 mau carats Dutch a i ʻole 3013,87 karata English (2930,35 metric carats).

ʻOki daimana ʻo Cullinan

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o Cullinan ma ʻApelika Hema i ka makahiki 1905 i hui pū me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o General L. Boti a me ka mokuʻāina ʻo ʻApelika Hema ʻo J. Smuts e hoʻokumu i ka Union of South Africa. Ua hoʻoikaika lākou i ke aupuni Transvaal e hāʻawi i ka Cullinan iā King Edward VII o ʻEnelani (r. 1901–1910) ma ke ʻano he makana lā hānau ma 9 Nowemapa 1907. He $150 ka waiwai o keia makana. Ua manaʻo ka paona i ka daimana, i kona waiwai, e hōʻike i kahi "ʻApelika nui" i makemake e lilo i ʻāpana nui o ka lei aliʻi Pelekania.

J. Asher & Co. I ka lā 6 o Pepeluali i ka makahiki 1908, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e nānā i ke daimana, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua mau mea i ʻike ʻia e ka maka ʻōlohelohe. Ma hope o nā lā ʻehā o ka noiʻi ʻana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ala o ka māhele ʻana, ua hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hoʻokaʻawale. Ua haki ka pahi i ka hoao mua, a ua naha ke daimana ma ka hoao hou. ʻO kekahi o lākou he 1977,50 1040,50 a ʻo kekahi 2029,90 1068,89 Dutch carats (14 1908 a me 2 1908 metric carats). I ka lā 29 o Pepeluali, 20, ua māhele hou ʻia ke daimana nui i ʻelua ʻāpana. Ua hoʻomaka ka wili ʻana o ka Cullinan I ma Malaki 7, 12, a ua hoʻomaka ka wili ʻana o ka Cullinan II i Mei 1908 o ia makahiki hoʻokahi. ʻO ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka hana daimana i hoʻomalu ʻia e kahi mea ʻoki me 1908 mau makahiki o ka ʻike hana ʻo H. Koe. ʻO ka hana ma ka Cullinan I ua lōʻihi ma mua o 14 mau mahina a ua hoʻopau ʻia ma Kepakemapa XNUMX, XNUMX, aʻo ka Cullinan II a me ke koena o nā daimana "ʻeiwa nui" i hoʻonani ʻia i ka hopena o ʻOkakopa, XNUMX. ʻEkolu mau mea wili i hana no XNUMX mau hola i kēlā me kēia, e wili ana i nā pōhaku. i kēlā me kēia lā.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Cullinan I a me II i ka Mōʻī Edward VII ma Windsor Palace ma 21 ʻOkakopa 1908. Ua hoʻokomo ke aliʻi i nā daimana i loko o nā lei aliʻi, a ua kapa ke aliʻi i ka mea nui loa o lākou ʻo ka Hoku Nui o ʻApelika. ʻO ke koena o nā pōhaku he mau makana ia mai ke aliʻi i ka ʻohana aliʻi: ʻo Cullinan VI he makana i kāna wahine, ʻo Queen Alexandra, a ʻo nā daimana i koe he makana i ke kaikamahine a Queen Mary i ka manawa o kāna kāne ʻo George V i poni ʻia i Mōʻī o ʻEnelani.

Ua ʻeha ʻia ʻo Cullinan maka 9 pōhaku nui me ke kaumaha o 1055,89 carats., helu ʻia mai I a IX, i kapa ʻia ʻo "nine nui", aia he 96 mau daimana liʻiliʻi me ke kaumaha o 7,55 carats a me 9,50 carats o nā ʻāpana ʻoki ʻole ʻia. Ma ke ʻano he uku no ka poni ʻana iā J. Asher, ua loaʻa iā ia he 96 mau daimana liʻiliʻi. Ma nā kumukūʻai o kēia manawa no nā daimana i ʻoki ʻia, ua loaʻa iā Usher kahi kālā hoʻohenehene o kekahi mau tausani kālā US no kāna mau lawelawe. Ua kūʻai aku ʻo ia i nā daimana āpau i nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ke Kuhina Nui o ʻApelika Hema ʻo Louis Botha a me Arthur a me Alexander Levy, nā mea kūʻai daimana kaulana ma Lākana.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona gemological o Cullian

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 80, ua hoʻohana nā mea kūʻai Crown mai Garrard & Co. hoʻomaʻemaʻe mau lākou a inā pono, e hoʻoponopono i nā Lei Aliʻi Pelekane i mālama ʻia ma ka hale kiaʻi o Lādana i Pepeluali. Ma 1986-89, ma waho aʻe o ka mālama ʻana i nā pōhaku makamae, ua hana pū ʻia kā lākou noiʻi ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a A. Jobbins, ka luna hoʻomalu lōʻihi o ka Gem Testing Laboratory o Great Britain - GTLGB (i kēia manawa GTLGA - Gem Testing Laboratory o Beritania Nui). -AKA). Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana ma 1998 i loko o kahi puke ʻelua-volume ʻo The Crown Jewels: A History of the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London Jewel House, i paʻi ʻia ma nā kope 650 wale nō ma ke kumu kūʻai o £1000.

ʻO Cullinan I - nā hiʻohiʻona

Hoʻopili ʻia ka daimana e kahi hag he gula melemele, i leialii ia me ke kookoo alii e kokua ana i ka lei me ke kea. Ua hana ʻia ke koʻokoʻo ma 1660-61 akā ua hoʻololi hou ʻia i nā manawa he nui, ʻoi loa i ka makahiki 1910 i ka wā i hana ʻia e nā mea kūʻai aku o Garrard & Co. Kullinan I.

• ʻano nui - 530,20 karata.
• ʻAno a me ke ʻano o ka ʻoki - nani a nani hoʻi me nā ʻaoʻao 75 (41 i ka lei aliʻi, 34 i ka pā hale), faceted rondist.
• Ana - 58,90 x 45,40 x 27,70 mm.
• ʻike - D (e like me ka pālākiō GIA), Ka muliwai + (e like me ka pālākiō Old Terms).
• maikaʻi -ʻaʻole i wehewehe ponoʻia, akā ua komo ka pōhaku i ka papa Air Force.
• Loaʻa iā ia nā mea aʻe hōʻailona hānau loko a me waho (Fig. 1):

1) ʻekolu mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o kahi puʻupuʻu: hoʻokahi ma ka lei aliʻi kokoke i ka sulfur a ʻelua ma ka pavilion ma ka bevel nui o ka pavilion kokoke i ka collet; 2) he bevel hou ma ka ʻaoʻao Rondist o ka lei; 3) kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o ka granularity kūloko kūloko kokoke i ka rondist.

• ʻO kahi daimana i ʻoki ʻia, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia no ka nui o nā kumu mōʻaukala a me ka sentimental (kahi waiwai mōʻaukala kūʻokoʻa, kahi momi o ka lei aliʻi, kahi hōʻailona o ka mana o ke aupuni Pelekane, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ʻaʻole i emi ke kaumaha, akā. ua helu ʻia i waena ka papa maemae loa FL (Flawless).
• nā ʻāpana a me ka maikaʻi ʻoki - ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia.
• ʻālohilohi - ʻeleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka hoʻomālamalama uila ultraviolet pōkole.
• phosphorescence - nāwaliwali, ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka lōʻihi loa ma kahi o 18 mau minuke.
• spectrum absorption - maʻamau no nā daimana ʻano II, me ka absorption piha o ka radiation ma lalo o 236 nm (Fig. 2).
• infrared spectrum - maʻamau no nā daimana maʻemaʻe me ka ʻole o nā haumia, no ke ʻano IIa (Fig. 3).
• ʻo keʻano — KUAI OLE.

Cullinan II - nā hiʻohiʻona

Hoʻopili ʻia ka daimana e kahi hag i ke gula melemele, ʻo ia ke kikowaena o ka lei aliʻi Pelekāne. Ua hana ʻia ka lei aliʻi i ka makahiki 1838 a ua hana ʻia ka Cullinan II i loko o ia mea i ka makahiki 1909. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hou o ka lei aliʻi mai ka makahiki 1937, i ka manawa i kūkulu hou ʻia ai no ka poni ʻana o George VI e nā mea kūʻai mai Garrard & Co., a laila hoʻololi ʻia. i ka makahiki 1953 na Queen Elizabeth II (ua hoemi nui ia kona kiekie).

• ʻano nui - 317,40 karata.
• ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka ʻoki - nani, daimana kahiko, i kapa ʻia ʻo "antique" (eng. Cushion) me 66 mau ʻaoʻao (33 kēlā me kēia i ka lei aliʻi a me ka pā hale), faceted rondist.
• Ana - 45,40 x 40,80 x 24,20 mm.
• ʻike - D (e like me ka pālākiō GIA), Ka muliwai + (e like me ka pālākiō Old Terms).
• maikaʻi - e like me ka hihia o Cullinan I, ʻaʻohe wehewehe maopopo, akā aia ka pōhaku i ka papa Air Force. Loaʻa iā ia nā hiʻohiʻona kūloko a me waho (Fig. 4):

1) ʻelua ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o kahi puʻupuʻu ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke aniani; 2) nā ʻōpala māmā ma ke aniani; 3) kahi bevel liʻiliʻi hou ma ka chamfer kokoke i ka sulfur mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka pā; 4) ʻelua pōʻino liʻiliʻi (lua), i hoʻopili ʻia e nā ʻāpana microscopic o kahi chip ma ka lihi o ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke aniani a me ka lei aliʻi; 5) kahi niho liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao rondist o ka lei aliʻi kokoke i ka rondist, pili me ka mea maoli.

• ʻO kahi daimana i poni ʻia e like me Cullinan I e helu ʻia ʻo ia ka papa maemae loa FL (Flawless).
• nā ʻāpana a me ka maikaʻi ʻoki - ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia.
• ʻālohilohi - ʻeleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka hoʻomālamalama uila ultraviolet pōkole.
• phosphorescence - nāwaliwali, ʻōmaʻomaʻo; i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka Cullinan I, he pōkole loa ia, he mau kekona wale nō. No ka mea ua ʻoki ʻia nā daimana ʻelua mai loko mai o ka aniani hoʻokahi, ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻālohilohi o kekahi o nā pōhaku i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka phosphorescence i kekahi he mea hoihoi loa a ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia nā kumu.
• spectrum absorption - maʻamau no nā daimana ʻano II, i hōʻike ʻia e kahi hui absorption liʻiliʻi me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 265 nm a me ka absorption piha o ka radiation ma lalo o 236 nm (Fig. 2).
• infrared spectrum - e like me ke kumu o Cullinan I, ka mea maʻamau no nā daimana maʻemaʻe me ka ʻole o nā haumia, i helu ʻia ma ke ʻano IIa (Fig. 3).
• ʻo keʻano — KUAI OLE

Laiki. 3 Cullinan I a me II - infrared absorption spectrum (e like me ka Cullinan Diamond Centennial K. Scarratt & R. Shor, Gems & Gemmology, 2006)

Ma 3106 carats, ʻo Cullinan ka daimana nui loa o ka honua. Ma 2005, 2008 mau makahiki i hala mai ka lā i ʻike ʻia ai, a ma 530,20 mau makahiki - mai ka lā i poni ʻia e J. Asher. ʻO ka 546,67 carat Cullinan I ka lua o ka ʻoki nui loa ma hope o ka 546,67 carat Golden Jubilee brown diamond i loaʻa ma ka Premier Mine, ka post-Golden Jubilee 1990 carat brown diamond i loaʻa ma ka Premier Mine (Cullinan) (South Africa) a ʻoki ʻia i XNUMX, ʻO ka Cullinan I ke mau nei ka daimana kala ʻole maʻemaʻe nui loa. ʻO ka Cullinan I a me II nā pōhaku kaulana loa ma ka honua, e huki ana i nā miliona o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Tower ma Lākana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Noho lākou i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā Crown Jewels o Great Britain, a mahalo i kā lākou moʻolelo waiwai, ua noho lākou i ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ke aupuni Pelekane ma ke kiʻekiʻe o kona mana.

ʻO ka ʻeiwa nui o nā daimana nui loa - The Cullinans

Kullinan I (Great Star of Africa) - he 530,20 carat drop i kālai ʻia i kahi Sovereign's (Royal) Scepter me Cross, i kēia manawa i ka hōʻiliʻili o ka hale kiaʻi o Lākana.Kullinan II (Second Star of Africa) he 317,40 carat rectangular kahiko, i kālai ʻia e ka Imperial State Crown, i kēia manawa i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka hale kiaʻi o Lākana.Kullinan III - he kulu he 94,40 carats i hana ʻia e ka lei aliʻi o Queen Mary, ka wahine a King George V; i kēia manawa i ka hōʻiliʻili pilikino o Queen Elizabeth II.Kulinana IV - he huinahalike kahiko he 63,60 carats i hana ʻia e ka lei aliʻi o Queen Mary, ka wahine a King George V; i kēia manawa i ka hōʻiliʻili pilikino o Queen Elizabeth II.Kullinan V - he puʻuwai 18,80 carat i hana ʻia e kahi brooch na ka Mōʻīwahine Elizabeth II.Kullinan VI - ʻO Marquise he 11,50 carats, i hana ʻia e kahi lei na ka Mōʻīwahine Elizabeth II.Kullinan VII - he 8,80 carat awning i hana ʻia e Cullinan VIII i loko o kahi pendant na Queen Elizabeth II.Kullinan VIII - ka mea kahiko i hoʻololi ʻia he 6,80 carats i kālai ʻia e Cullinan VII i loko o kahi pendant na Queen Elizabeth II.Kullinan IX - he waimaka he 4,39 carats i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ke apo o Queen Mary, ka wahine a King George V; i kēia manawa i ka hōʻiliʻili pilikino o Queen Elizabeth II.

Aia i hea lākou i kēia lā a pehea e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā cullinans, nā daimana nui loa?

ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka Cullinan e pili pono ana i ka moʻolelo o nā Lei Aliʻi Pelekania.. No nā kenekulia ʻekolu, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lei aliʻi ʻelua no ka poni ʻana i nā mōʻī a me nā mōʻī wahine o ʻEnelani, ka lei aupuni a me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Edward's crown", ka lei aliʻi o Charles II. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia lei aliʻi i lei aliʻi a hiki i ka wā o George III (1760-1820). I ka poni ʻia o ke keiki a Queen Victoria, King Edward VII (1902), ua makemake ʻia e hoʻihoʻi ʻia kēia kuʻuna. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai e ola ana ka mōʻī mai kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi, ua haʻalele ʻia ka lei aliʻi kaumaha i lawe wale ʻia i ka wā o ka poʻi aliʻi. Ua hoʻomau ʻia ke kuʻuna me ka poni ʻia ʻana o ke keiki a Edward, ʻo King George V, i noho aliʻi mai 1910-1936. I ka wā o ka poni aliʻi, ua hoʻololi mau ʻia ka lei aliʻi o Edward no ka lei aupuni. Pēlā nō, ua lei aliʻi ʻia ʻo King George VI (make 1952) a me kāna kaikamahine ʻo Queen Elizabeth II, ka mea e noho aliʻi nei a hiki i kēia lā. No kona makemake ole i na lei o na wahine e noho nei, ua noi aku oia e hana ia i lei alii hou no kona poni. No laila, kauoha ʻo ia e wehe i nā pōhaku makamae mai kekahi mau mea kahiko a hoʻonani iā ​​​​lākou me kahi lei hou - ka lei aupuni. I ka wā o ka poni ʻana, ua ʻaʻahu ʻo Victoria i ka lei aliʻi hou i hana ʻia nona. ʻO kēia pōhaku makamae nani a nani hoʻi he hōʻailona hoʻohiwahiwa a kupaianaha o ka mana Victorian. Mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Cullinan a hoʻonani ʻia, ʻo ka Cullinan I kēia manawa e hoʻonani ai i ke koʻokoʻo Pelekane, ʻo Cullinan II ua kūkulu ʻia i ke alo o ka lei aliʻi o ke aupuni Pelekane, a Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Cullinan III a me IV i ka nani o ka lei aliʻi o Queen Mary, ka wahine a King George V.

ʻO ke daimana nui ʻelua ma ka honua - Millennium Star

Elua Daimana Kupaianaha e Hoku Mileniuma. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia mai kahi nugget, a hiki i ka 777 carats ka nui. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka Democratic Republic of Congo i ka makahiki 1999. ʻAʻole maopopo ka mea nāna i loaʻa kēia waiwai. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hūnā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia waiwai, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa. Ma muli o ka helu kupua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo kēia pōhaku ka laki. I ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kēia wahi hauʻoli, ua holo wikiwiki nā kaukani ʻaʻa e ʻimi i kekahi daimana - akā ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe.

Ua kūʻai aku ka hui kaulana ʻo De Bers i kēia pōhaku. A laila ua hoʻokau ʻia ka nugget i ka hana lōʻihi a paʻakikī - ʻoki daimana a polishing. No laila, ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ua kūʻai ʻia kēia pōhaku nani. 16 a me ka hapa miliona dala.

ʻO ke kolu o ka daimana nui loa ma ka honua - Regent

Ua kapa ʻia kekahi daimana kupanaha kuhina nui ole miliona miliona he mea nui 410 karata. Ma waho aʻe o kona kaumaha kupaianaha, mahalo ʻia hoʻi ia ʻoki kūpono. Ua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1700. Mahalo i ke Kiaaina o Madras, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ʻEulopa. Ma Lākana, ua ʻoki ʻia kēia daimana a kūʻai ʻia e ke aliʻi Farani. ʻO kēia daimana i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea kūpono loa i ka ʻoki ʻana.

I ka wā o ka French Revolution, ua ʻaihue ʻia kēia daimana. ʻAʻole i hoʻihoʻi ʻia a hiki i 1793. Aia i loko o ka Louvre mai ka makahiki XNUMXth, me nā mea nani o nā aliʻi o Farani.

ʻO nā daimana kaulana ʻē aʻe o ka honua

Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻoe i ke ʻano o nā daimana kaulana ʻē aʻe o ka honua? Eia ka papa inoa piha o nā mea nui loa:  

Hōʻike ʻia nā daimana kaulana loa o ka honua ma ke kiʻi:

1. Mogul nui,

2. i 11. kahu,

3. a me 5. Diament Florensky,

Hoku 4 a me 12 o ka Hema,

6. Sancy,

7. Dresden Green Diamond,

8 a me 10 Koh-i-Nur me ka oki kahiko a me ka hou,

9. He daimana uliuli ka manaolana

Daimana Kaulana - Summary

No nā kenekulia, ua hiki i nā daimana ke hoʻohuli i nā poʻo, nā manaʻo pio a hoʻonāukiuki i nā moeʻuhane o ka waiwai a me ka waiwai. Ua ʻike lākou i ke ʻano hoʻohiwahiwa, hoʻohilahila a hoʻoluhi i ke kanaka - a pēlā nō a hiki i kēia lā.

E heluhelu pū i nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ke kumuhana "ka mea nui loa / kaulana loa" a me nā mea nani o ka honua:

ʻO nā apo mare kaulana loa ma ka honua

ʻO nā apo mare kaulana loa ma ka honua

TOP5 nuggets gula nui loa ma ka honua

ʻO ka amber nui loa ma ka honua - pehea ia?