ʻO ke ʻano o nā pōhaku makamae ma ka mōʻaukala

I ka lilo ʻana o nā pōhaku i mea hoʻonani, ua hoʻāʻo koke ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. nā pōhaku maikaʻi a ʻino loaВ ʻoi aku ka waiwai a emi ʻole ka waiwai. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia e nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala like ʻole. ʻIke mākou, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe Babulona a me ʻAsuria i nā pōhaku i ʻike ʻia e lākou i ʻekolu pūʻulu like ʻole. ʻO ka mua, ka mea waiwai nui, ʻo ia nā pōhaku e pili ana i nā hōkū. ʻO kēia nā daimana e pili ana me Mercury, nā sapphires e pili ana me Uranus, turquoise me Saturn, nā opals me Jupiter, a me nā amethysts me ka Honua. ʻO ka hui ʻelua - ʻano hōkū, ʻo ia nā garnets, agates, topazes, heliodor, hyacinth a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kolu o ka hui - terrestrial, he mau momi, amber a me nā koʻa.

Pehea i mālama ʻia ai nā pōhaku i ka wā ma mua?

ʻOkoʻa ke kūlana ma India, kahi ma ke kumu, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano pōhaku ʻelua - daimana a me corundum (rubies a me sapphires). Aia ma ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia XNUMX a me XNUMX BC, ʻo ke akeakamai India nui a me ka connoisseur o nā pōhaku Kautilya i kāna hana i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Science of Use (Benefits)" i hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui daimana ʻehā. ʻO ka mea waiwai nui he mau daimana maʻemaʻe a kala ʻole "e like me ke aniani pōhaku", ʻo ka lua he mau daimana brownish-melemele "e like me nā maka o ka hare", ʻo ke kolu he "'ōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo", a ʻo ka hā he mau daimana "Kina". Rose". ʻO nā hoʻāʻo like e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pōhaku i hana ʻia e ka poʻe manaʻo nui o ka wā kahiko, ma Helene e Teocritus o Sirac, Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus, ma Roma a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Solinius a me Pliny the Elder. Ua manaʻo ka mea hope i nā pōhaku makamae "e ʻālohilohi me ka nani nui" a i ʻole "e hōʻike ana i ko lākou kala akua." Ua kapa ʻo ia iā lākou he pōhaku "kāne" e kū'ē ana i nā pōhaku "wahine", he "haeʻe a me ka nani o ka nani". Hiki ke loaʻa nā hoʻāʻo like e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pōhaku i nā mea kākau moʻolelo kahiko.

I kēlā manawa, ua kaulana ka manaʻo i ka wā kahiko ʻO nā pōhaku makamae he mau waiwai maikaʻi loa, ka mea hiki ke hoʻoikaika maikaʻi i ka hopena o ke kanaka, ʻoi loa ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā amulets a me nā talismans. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o ka mana kilokilo o nā pōhaku i koʻikoʻi nui ʻia e nā mea kākau kahiko i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. No laila, hoʻomaka ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā pōhaku, he liʻiliʻi ka mana kumu. A he ʻanuʻu kēia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pōhaku i mau pōhaku i hiki i nā daimonio a me nā pōhaku kū i ka hana a nā ʻuhane ʻino.

Nā Mana Kūʻokoʻa i Hoʻohui ʻia i nā Gems

E kūʻē i ke ʻano o kēia mau manaʻo pohihihi a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokalakupua, pono ka nānā ʻana i ka hana a Al-Biruni (Abu Reykhan Biruni, 973-1048). ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pōhaku. ʻO nā pōhaku ʻulaʻula (rubies, spinels, garnets) ka mea waiwai nui, ʻo ka lua o nā mea waiwai ʻole he daimana (ma muli o ko lākou paʻakikī!) a me ka uliuli-'ōmaʻomaʻo (emeralds, malachite, jade a me lapis lazuli). ʻO kahi hui ʻokoʻa i komo i nā mea kūlohelohe, me ka amber a me ka jet, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia he ʻano mea e pono ai ka nānā ʻana, a me ke koho ʻana i ke aniani a me ka porcelain e like me nā pōhaku artificial.

Nā pōhaku makamae i ka wā waena

ʻO W dI ka wā kahiko, ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pōhaku i pili nui i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona aesthetic a i ʻole nā ​​​​makemake o kēia manawa.. Hāʻawi nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala i nā laʻana o ia mau makemake i kumu no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. No ka laʻana, i ka wā mua o ka Middle Ages, ua waiwai nui nā sapphi polū a me nā amethyst poni ʻeleʻele. I ka wā o ka Renaissance a ma waho aʻe - rubies, sapphires, daimana a me nā emeralds. Aia kekahi mau manawa i lilo nā daimana a me nā momi i waena o nā pōhaku waiwai loa. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻāʻo mua o kēia manawa e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pōhaku i ka makahiki 1860 e ka mineralogist German C. Kluge. Ua mahele ʻo ia i nā pōhaku i ʻike ʻia e ia i ʻelua pūʻulu: pōhaku makamae a me nā pōhaku makamae. Ma nā hui ʻelua, ua ʻike ʻo ia i 5 mau papa waiwai. ʻO nā pōhaku waiwai loa (I papa) nā daimana, corundum, chrysoberyl a me spinels, ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi loa (V class) ʻo ia: jet, jade, serpentine, alabaster, malachite, rhodochrosite.

Nā pōhaku makamae i ka mōʻaukala hou

Ua hoʻolauna ʻia kahi manaʻo ʻokoʻa a hoʻonui nui ʻia o ka categorization i ka makahiki 1920 e ka Russian mineralogist a me gemologist A. Fersman, a ma nā 70s. a me nā kānaka ʻepekema Lūkini ʻē aʻe (B. Marenkov, V. Sobolev, E. Kevlenko, A. Churup) nā pae hoʻohālike like ʻole, me kahi hōʻailona waiwai i hōʻike ʻia e ka rarity, nā ʻano a me nā makemake i ʻike ʻia i nā makahiki, a me kekahi mau waiwai kino a me kemika e like me ʻo ka paʻakikī, ka pilina, ka ʻike, ka waihoʻoluʻu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hopena lōʻihi loa o kēia ala ʻo ia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i manaʻo ʻia e A. Churup. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i nā pōhaku i 3 mau papa: jewelry (precious), jewelry-decorative and decorative. ʻO nā pōhaku makamae ma kahi mua nā kristal i hana maikaʻi ʻia (nā kristal hoʻokahi) a ʻaʻole loa e hui pū me nā pae like ʻole o ka automorphism. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pōhaku o kēia papa e ka mea kākau i kekahi mau pūʻulu, e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pae ʻenehana, me ka paʻakikī. Mahalo i kēia, aia ka daimana ma kahi mua, ma lalo pono o nā ʻano corundum, beryllium, chrysoberyl, tourmaline, spinel, garnet a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻonoho ʻia lākou i kahi kaʻawale, me he mea lā he papa ʻokoʻa nā pōhaku me nā hopena opticale like me ka pāʻani o nā waihoʻoluʻu (shine), opalescence, brilliance (glow) - makamae opals, moonstone, labrador, a ma ka papa haʻahaʻa turquoise, koʻa makamae a me nā momi. ʻO ka lua o ka hui, waena ma waena o nā pōhaku makamae a me nā pōhaku hoʻonani, e pili ana i nā pōhaku o ka paʻakikī a haʻahaʻa paha, akā kiʻekiʻe ka hui pū ʻana, a me nā pōhaku o ke kala ikaika a i hoʻohālikelike ʻia (jade, agate, falcon's and tiger's eyes, lapis lazuli, streamers, etc.) . ʻO ka manaʻo o kēia pūʻulu, me he mea lā, ma waena o nā mea nani a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, he mea hoʻomaikaʻi ia i nā kuʻuna hoʻonaninani kahiko a ka mea kākau. Aia ka hui ʻekolu pōhaku kāhiko, ua helu ka mea kākau i nā pōhaku ʻē aʻe a pau me nā ʻano hoʻonaninani ʻoi aku ka ʻino ma mua o nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, a me nā pōhaku haʻahaʻa paʻakikī, ma lalo a ma luna iki o 3 ma ka pālākiō Mohs. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pae ʻenehana ke kumu no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pōhaku i nā hopena maikaʻi. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i pili i nā mea maoli o nā mea nani, no ka mea koʻikoʻi nā pae hoʻohālikelike e like me ka waiwai o ka pōhaku makamae, rarity a i ʻole nā ​​waiwai macroscopic e like me nā hopena optical, a i kekahi manawa ke ʻano microphysical a me nā waiwai kemika o nā pōhaku. Ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻole ʻia ʻana o kēia mau ʻāpana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ka manaʻo o A. Churupa, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hou a me ka manaʻo pololei i kona haku mele ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana. No laila ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea he nui - i hoʻolaha nui ʻia ma Polani - nā hoʻāʻo kūleʻa ʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pōhaku.

I kēia manawa, ma muli o kona haʻalele ʻana, hoʻohana ka poʻe gemologists i ka wehewehe maʻamau a pololei ʻole. A pēlā i ka hui o nā pōhaku:

1) waiwai nui - ʻo kēia ka nui o nā minelala i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e nā waiwai kino mau a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i nā mea kemika. ʻO kēia mau pōhaku, i ʻoki pololei ʻia, ʻike ʻia e nā hiʻohiʻona nani a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonaninani (ka waihoʻoluʻu, brilliance, brilliance a me nā hopena optical ʻē aʻe). 2) hui - aia nā pōhaku, nā pōhaku monomineral maʻamau, nā minelala a me nā mea i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe (ke kumu kūlohelohe) a me nā ʻano kino mau loa. Ma hope o ka polishing, loaʻa iā lākou nā mea hoʻonaninani. E like me kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo kahi hui kūikawā o nā pōhaku hoʻonaninani e pili ana i nā momi maoli, nā momi moʻomeheu, a me nā mea hou aʻe he amber. ʻAʻohe kumu kūpono o kēia ʻokoʻa a no nā kumu kalepa. I ka manawa pinepine i loko o ka palapala ʻoihana hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka huaʻōlelo "nā pōhaku nani". ʻAʻole pili kēia huaʻōlelo i kekahi hui o nā pōhaku, akā e hōʻike ana i kā lākou hiki ke hoʻohana. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o nā pōhaku makamae hiki ke lilo i mau pōhaku makamae a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, a me nā pōhaku synthetic a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana hana i loaʻa ʻole nā ​​​​mea like ʻole i ke ʻano, a me nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā hoʻohālike.

ʻO nā manaʻo gemological pololei a wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia, nā inoa a me nā huaʻōlelo, a me kā lākou hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia no ke kālepa mea kūʻai. ʻO kēia no ka mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou i ka kamaʻilio ʻana a pale i nā ʻano hana hoʻomāinoino like ʻole, i ka manaʻo a me ka pōʻino.

Ua ʻike nā hui gemological koʻikoʻi a me nā aupuni o nā ʻāina he nui i kēia, e hoʻāʻo nei e kūʻē i kēia mau ʻano ʻino ma o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā ʻano hana kānāwai e pale ai i ka mākeke mea kūʻai. Akā ʻO ka pilikia o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā inoa a me nā huaʻōlelo ma ka pae honua he pilikia paʻakikīno laila, ʻaʻole pono e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoholo koke ʻia. Inā paha e hoʻokō ʻia a hoʻoikaika ʻia, a me ke ʻano o kona ʻano, paʻakikī ke wānana i kēia lā.

Compendium of Knowledge - e aʻo e pili ana i nā pōhaku a pau

E nānā i kā mākou ʻohi ʻike e pili ana i nā pōhaku makamae a pau hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea nani

• Daimana / Daimana
• ʻO ka Rubin
• amethyst
• Aquamarine
• Kaute
• ametrine
• Sapphira
• Emerald
• Topaz
• ʻO Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• uwē
• Peridot
• Alexandrite
• Heliodora