Ka Manaʻo Kuʻuna - Subculture Theory

Hōʻike ka manaʻo subcultural e hiki i nā poʻe e noho ana ma nā wahi kaona ke ʻimi i nā ala e hana ai i kahi manaʻo o ke kaiāulu ʻoiai ke lanakila nei ka noho ʻana a me ka inoa ʻole.

ʻO ke kumumanaʻo subculture mua e pili ana i nā manaʻo like ʻole e pili ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke Kula ʻo Chicago. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumumanaʻo subcultural mai ka hana a ke Kula ʻo Chicago ma nā hui a ua hoʻomohala ʻia ma o ke Kula ʻo Symbolic Interactionism i kahi pūʻulu o nā manaʻo e ʻōlelo ana he mau waiwai a me nā ʻano ʻano o kekahi mau hui a i ʻole nā ​​​​subcultures i loko o ke kaiāulu e hāpai i ka hewa a me ka hana ʻino. ʻO ka hana e pili ana me ka Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies ma ke Kulanui o Birmingham (CCCS) ke kuleana nui no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka subculture me nā hui e pili ana i nā ʻano hōʻikeʻike (teds, mods, punks, skins, motorcyclecyclists, a pēlā aku).

Ka Manaʻo Kuʻuna: Chicago School of Sociology

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo subcultural e pili ana i nā theorists like ʻole e pili ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke Kula ʻo Chicago. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o ka poʻe theorists, ʻike nui ʻia ke kula no ka manaʻo o nā subcultures e like me nā hui deviant nona ka puka ʻana e pili ana me "ka pilina o ka ʻike o nā kānaka iā lākou iho me nā manaʻo o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e pili ana iā lākou." Ua hōʻuluʻulu maikaʻi ʻia paha kēia ma kā Albert Cohen's theoretical introduction to Delinquent Boys (1955). No Cohen, ʻo nā subcultures ka poʻe i hoʻoponopono hui i nā pilikia o ke kūlana pilikanaka ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā waiwai hou i hoʻolilo i nā ʻano a lākou i kaʻana like i ke kūlana.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kūlana i loko o kahi subculture e pili ana i ka hōʻailona ʻana a no laila ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ke koena o ke kaiāulu, kahi i hana ai ka hui me kona huhū ponoʻī i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, a hiki i kahi i lilo ai ka hana ʻole i nā kuʻuna maʻamau. I ka lilo ʻana o ka subculture i mea nui, ʻokoʻa, a kūʻokoʻa hoʻi, ua lilo nā lālā i hilinaʻi nui i kekahi i kekahi no ka launa pū ʻana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ko lākou mau manaʻoʻiʻo a me ko lākou nohona.

Hōʻike ʻia nā kumumanaʻo o ka lepili a me ka subcultural i ka "maʻamau" ʻoihana i ka hana a Howard Becker, ʻo ia hoʻi, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, he mea kaulana ia no kona hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā palena i huki ʻia e nā mea hoʻokani jazz ma waena o lākou a me kā lākou mau waiwai he "trendy" a me kā lākou poʻe hoʻolohe ma ke ʻano he "hāhā". ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka polarization ma waena o ka subculture a me ke koena o ke kaiāulu ma muli o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i waho ua hoʻomohala hou ʻia e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma Beretania e Jock Young (1971) a e pili ana i ka panic moral i ka media a puni nā mods a me nā rockers. ʻO Stan. ʻO Cohen. No Cohen, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia nā kiʻi maikaʻi ʻole o nā subcultures i loko o ka media i nā waiwai nui a kūkulu i ke ʻano o nā hui e hiki mai ana.

He kanaka kālai'āina 'o Frederick M. Thrasher (1892–1962) ma ke Kulanui o Chicago.

Ua aʻo pū ʻo ia i nā pūʻulu, e nānā ana i nā hana a me nā ʻano o nā pūʻulu. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā pūʻulu ma ke kaʻina hana a lākou e hana ai i hui.

E. Franklin Frazier - (1894–1962), ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, noho ʻApelika-ʻAmelika mua ma ke Kulanui o Chicago.

I nā pae mua loa o ke Kula ʻo Chicago a me kā lākou aʻo ʻana i ka ecology kanaka, ʻo kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi ʻo ka manaʻo o ka disorganization, ka mea i kōkua i ka puka ʻana mai o kahi underclass.

ʻO Albert K. Cohen (1918– ) - ka mea kālaiʻāina ʻAmelika kaulana.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia no kāna ʻatikala subcultural o nā hui kūlanakauhale lawehala, me kāna puke koʻikoʻi ʻo Delinquent Boys: Gang Culture. ʻAʻole i nānā ʻo Cohen i ka lawehala ʻoihana e pili ana i ka ʻoihana, akā nānā ʻo ia i ka subculture delinquency, e nānā ana i ka hewa gang ma waena o nā ʻōpio hana ma nā wahi slum i hoʻomohala i kahi moʻomeheu ma muli o ko lākou ʻike ʻole ʻana i nā manawa waiwai a me ka pilikanaka i ka hui US.

ʻO Richard Cloward (1926–2001), ʻAmelika kaiapuni a me ka philanthropist.

ʻO Lloyd Olin (1918 – 2008) he kanaka kālaiʻāina ʻAmelika a he kanaka kālai'āina i aʻo ma ke Kula Law Harvard, Ke Kulanui ʻo Columbia, a me ke Kulanui o Chicago.

Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Richard Cloward lāua ʻo Lloyd Olin iā R.K. Merton, e hana hou ana i ke ʻano o ka "parallel" o ka subculture i kona hiki: ua like nā lula a me ka pae o ka subculture. Mai kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka "Illegitimate Possibility Structure", i like like, akā naʻe he polarization kūpono.

ʻO Walter Miller, ʻo David Matza, ʻo Phil Cohen.

Ka Manaʻo Kūʻokoʻa: Ke Kulanui o Birmingham Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS)

ʻO ke kula ʻo Birmingham, mai kahi hiʻohiʻona neo-Marxist, ʻike i nā subcultures ʻaʻole ia he mau pilikia kūʻokoʻa o ke kūlana, akā ma ke ʻano he hōʻike no ke kūlana o ka poʻe ʻōpio, ʻo ka hapa nui mai ka papa hana, e pili ana i nā kūlana pilikanaka kūikawā o Great Britain i nā makahiki 1960. a me 1970s. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ua hana nā subculture ʻōpio maikaʻi e hoʻonā i ke kūlana kūʻē kūʻē o ka poʻe ʻōpio hana ma waena o nā waiwai kuʻuna o ka papa hana "moʻomeheu makua" a me ka moʻomeheu hegemonic hou o ka ʻai nui i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka media a me ke kālepa.

ʻO nā mea hōʻino o ke kula ʻo Chicago a me ke kula ʻo Birmingham o Subculture Theory

Nui nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa maikaʻi ʻia o ke kula ʻo Chicago a me ke kula ʻo Birmingham e pili ana i ka manaʻo subculture. ʻO ka mea mua, ma o kā lākou manaʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia kūlana i kekahi hihia a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kekahi, ʻo nā kuʻuna ʻelua e hōʻike ana i kahi kūʻē maʻalahi loa ma waena o ka subculture a me ka moʻomeheu mana. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka ʻokoʻa o loko, ka uhi ʻana o waho, ka neʻe ʻana o kēlā me kēia ma waena o nā subcultures, ka paʻa ʻole o nā hui ponoʻī, a me ka nui o nā mea kau ʻole makemake ʻole ʻia. ʻOiai ke manaʻo nei ʻo Albert Cohen e hoʻoponopono nā subcultures i nā pilikia kūlana like no nā lālā a pau, ʻo Birmingham theorists ke manaʻo nei i ke ʻano o ke ʻano hoʻokahi, subversive o nā ʻano subcultural e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana papa o nā lālā.

Eia kekahi, aia ka manaʻo e manaʻo, me ka ʻole o nā kikoʻī a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hōʻike, ua puka mai nā subcultures mai kahi nui o nā poʻe ʻokoʻa i ka manawa like a me ka pane ʻole ʻana i ke ʻano like i nā kūlana pilikanaka. Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Albert Cohen i ke kaʻina hana o ka "hoihoi like" o nā poʻe i ʻoluʻolu ʻole a me kā lākou "hana maikaʻi kekahi i kekahi" i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā subcultures.

Ka pilina o ka media a me ke kālepa me ka subculture a me ka subculture theory

ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻokau i ka pāpaho a me ke kālepa e kūʻē i nā subcultures he mea pilikia nui i ka hapa nui o nā kumumanaʻo subculture. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hui e hōʻike ana ua komo ka media a me ke kālepa i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻano subcultural wale nō ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana no kekahi manawa. Wahi a Jock Young lāua ʻo Stan Cohen, ʻo kā lākou kuleana ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻole a hoʻoikaika i nā subcultures e kū nei. I kēia manawa, no Hebdige, hāʻawi wale nā ​​lako o kēlā me kēia lā i nā mea maka no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka subcultural subcultural. Hōʻike ka manaʻo o ka hui ʻana e komo wale ka media a me ke kālepa i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā ʻano subcultural ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana no kekahi manawa, a ʻo Hebdige e hoʻokūpaʻa ana i kēia komo ʻana i ka make ʻana o nā subcultures. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, manaʻo ʻo Thornton e hiki i nā subcultures ke hoʻokomo i nā ʻano maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana i ka media mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana.

ʻEhā mau hōʻailona o ka waiwai subcultural

ʻEhā mau kumu hoʻohālike subculture: ʻike, kūpaʻa, ʻike kūlike, a me ke kūʻokoʻa.

Manaʻo Subculture: ʻIke Paʻa

He overgeneralization ka ʻimi ʻana e hoʻopau loa i nā manaʻo o ke kūʻē hōʻailona, ​​homology, a me ka hoʻonā hui ʻana o nā kūʻē kūʻokoʻa mai ka loiloi o ka moʻomeheu lehulehu. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ma ke ʻano he ʻano wehewehe pono o ka huaʻōlelo subculture. ʻO ka hapa nui, hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā hana, nā manaʻo, a me nā hōʻailona o ke komo ʻana o ka subcultural i waena o nā mea komo a hōʻike i nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī o ke koho moʻomeheu a me ka coincidence, ma mua o ka pane maʻamau maʻamau i nā kūlana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻaʻohe ʻike a kūlike paha i nā ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā hui hou, a i ʻole, inā aia lākou, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ia mau hiʻohiʻona. ʻOiai e ʻae ana i ka hiki ʻole o kahi ʻano o ka hoʻololi kūloko a me ka loli ʻana i ka manawa, ʻo ke ana mua o ka waiwai subcultural e pili ana i ka hele ʻana o kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻono like ʻole a me nā waiwai i ʻokoʻa mai nā hui ʻē aʻe a lawa kūpono mai kahi mea komo a kekahi. aʻe, kekahi wahi i kekahi a hoʻokahi makahiki i kekahi.

ʻO ke kūlana

ʻO ka hōʻailona ʻelua o ka waiwai subcultural ka manaʻo e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia ma ka nānā ʻana i ka nui o ka poʻe e pili ana i ka manaʻo e pili ana lākou i kahi hui moʻomeheu kūʻokoʻa a kaʻana like i ka ʻike me kekahi. Ke haʻalele nei i ke koʻikoʻi o ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻike kikoʻī ma kahi mamao, ʻo ka manaʻo kūʻokoʻa maopopo a mau loa o ka ʻike pūʻulu e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hui ʻana ma mua o ka ephemeral.

Hoʻohiki

Manaʻo ʻia hoʻi e hiki i nā subcultures ke hoʻoikaika nui i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā o ka poʻe i komo i kahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa, a ʻoi aku ka pinepine ma mua o ka ʻole, e mau kēia komo ʻana no nā makahiki ma mua o nā mahina. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hui i nīnau ʻia, hiki i nā subcultures ke hana i ka hapa nui o ka manawa leʻaleʻa, nā ʻano pilina, nā ala kalepa, nā hōʻiliʻili huahana, nā ʻano maʻamau a me ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.

Kū kaʻawale

ʻO ka hōʻike hope loa o kahi subculture ʻo ia ka hui i nīnau ʻia, ʻoiai ua pili pono i ka hui a me ka ʻōnaehana politika-ʻoihana e pili ana i kahi ʻāpana, e paʻa i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea nui, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i lalo e nā mea hoihoi. Eia kekahi, ma kekahi mau hihia, e hana ʻia nā hana ʻimi kālā me nā hana semi-ʻoihana a me nā hana manawaleʻa, e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke komo ʻana o ka poʻe i loko o ka moʻomeheu.

Ke Kulanui ʻo Birmingham

Ke Kula Kaiapuni o Chicago