Nā waiwai daimana a me nā pono

ʻO nā daimana mai kahi aupuni ʻĪnia i kapa ʻia ʻo Mutfili. Ma hope o ke kau ua, lawe ka wai mai nā mauna iā lākou i nā awāwa hohonu. ʻO kēia mau wahi pulu a mehana e piha ana i nā nahesa ʻawaʻawa a ke kiaʻi nei ko lākou helehelena weliweli i kēia waiwai kupanaha. ʻO nā kāne piha i ke kuko e hoʻolei i nā ʻāpana ʻiʻo ma ka honua, pili nā daimana iā lākou, a holo wikiwiki nā ʻaeto keʻokeʻo i kēia mau maunu. Loaʻa ʻia nā manu ʻai nui a pepehi ʻia, lawe ʻia ka ʻiʻo a me nā daimana mai ko lākou maiuu a i ʻole ko lākou ʻōpū.

Hōʻike ʻo Marco Polo i kēia hiʻohiʻona hoihoi i kāna moʻolelo huakaʻi. He moʻolelo kahiko wale nō kēia i noho lōʻihi ma mua ona, akā hōʻike ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kūpuna i nā waihona alluvial ma Golconda, ke aupuni kahiko o India pohihihi ...

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona minerala o ke daimana

ʻO ke daimana ka mea ʻōiwi like me ke gula a i ʻole ke kālā. Hoʻokahi wale nō mea i komo i kona hoʻokumu ʻana: carbon. Aia ia i ka ʻāpana o nā metala ʻole me ka graphite (i haku pū ʻia me ke kalapona akā me kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa) a me ka sulfur.

Loaʻa i nā pōhaku a me nā one aluvial. ʻO nā kumu o kona mau pōhaku he lamproite a ʻoi aku ka kimberlites. ʻO kēia pōhaku lua pele kakaʻikahi, i kapa ʻia ʻo "blue earth", i hana ʻia ma ka hopena o ka Cretaceous. Ua aie kona inoa i ke kulanakauhale o Kimberley ma Aferika Hema. Loaʻa i ka mika a me ka chromium, hiki ke loaʻa nā garnets a me nā nahesa.

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā daimana ma ka ʻaʻahu luna o ka honua ma kahi hohonu loa, ma kahi o 150 km. Noho lākou ma laila no nā miliona makahiki. ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana mai nā kapuahi, i kapa ʻia nā chimneys a i ʻole diatremes, o nā lua pele kimberlite weliweli. ʻO ka pele hope loa o kēia ʻano he 60 miliona mau makahiki.

Lawe ʻia nā daimana i loko o ka alluvium e ka wai, me ka loli ʻole ma muli o ko lākou paʻakikī, ma kahi mamao. Hiki ke loaʻa ma nā estuaries a ma ke kai.

ʻO ka ulu mālie a paʻa o nā ʻātoma kalapona makemake i nā kristal i hana maikaʻi ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka octahedral. (ʻo ka ʻātoma waena me 6 mau helu ʻē aʻe he 8 mau maka). I kekahi manawa, ʻike mākou i nā kiʻi me nā helu 8 a i ʻole 12. Aia kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo granuloforms, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kristal nui i ʻoi aku ma mua o 300 carats ʻaneʻane o kēia ʻano. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o nā daimana ma mua o 10 carats.

ʻO ka paʻakikī a me ka palupalu

ʻO daimana ka mineral paʻakikī loa ma ka honua. Ua lawe ʻo Frederick Moos i ka mineralogist Kelemania i kumu i ka hana ʻana i kāna ʻano paʻakikī mineral i ka makahiki 1812. No laila, hoʻonoho ʻo ia iā ia ma ka 10th place out of 10. ʻO ke daimana e haki i ke aniani a me ka quartz, akā ʻo kekahi daimana wale nō e hiki ke ʻoki.

He paʻakikī ka daimana akā he palupalu. ʻO kona mahele,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o nā papa o kona mau mole, he kūlohelohe. Hoʻoikaika kēia i ka haehae maʻemaʻe ma kekahi mau kihi. ʻO ka mea humuhumu, ʻoi aku ka pololei, ka billhook, nānā a hoʻohana i kēia ʻano. I kekahi manawa, ʻo ka pele pele i hoʻohua i ke daimana ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi loa a no laila e hoʻokaʻawale maoli ai.

ʻoki daimana

Ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā daimana i ʻoki ʻia ma ke ʻano he "mau wahi naive"., kāhea mākou " manao maalahi » ʻO nā daimana ʻōniʻoniʻo me ka nānā ʻana.

Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka daimana me kahi ʻili hina, i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻiliʻili » (ʻiliʻili ma ka ʻōlelo Pukiki). Ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o kēia lepo, hōʻike ka nui i ka mālamalama a me ka nani o ka pōhaku. He hana maalea a he hana hoomanawanui. Pono ka mea ʻokiʻoki e koho ma waena o kahi ʻoki maʻalahi, e paʻa ana i ke kaumaha o ke daimana koʻikoʻi, a i ʻole kahi ʻoki paʻakikī, hiki ke wehe i ʻelua hapakolu o ka pōhaku kumu.

Nui ka nui o nā ʻano dimensional, i kapa ʻia a hoʻonohonoho ʻia. ʻO ka ʻoki kaulana loa i kēia manawa ʻo ka Brilliant Round. kahi e pāʻani maikaʻi ai ka mālamalama ma nā ʻaoʻao 57 o ke daimana. ʻO kēia ka mea ma ka hema loa o ke kiʻi ma luna ("i ka makahiki" ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania).

kala daimana

ʻO nā daimana kala i kapa ʻia ʻo "fancy" daimana. I ka wā ma mua, ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia ke kala he kīnā, he keʻokeʻo ke daimana a i ʻole uliuli māmā. Ua ʻae ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he "kūpono a kūpaʻa". ʻAʻole pono lākou e hoʻopilikia i ka nani, ka nani a me ka wai (mālamalama) o ke daimana. Ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana, ʻoi aku paha ke kumukūʻai o kahi daimana kala maoli ma mua o ke kumukūʻai o kahi daimana "keʻokeʻo".

ʻO kahi waihoʻoluʻu i ʻālohilohi i kona ʻano ʻinoʻino e hāʻawi i kahi ʻālohilohi nani i kahi daimana kala. ʻO nā daimana ʻalani a poni ka mea ʻokoʻa loa, nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻē aʻe: ʻulaʻula, melemele, ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo kekahi i koi ʻia, a aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Minerologist René Just Gahuy (1743-1822) i nā daimana kala "ʻulaʻula". ʻorchids aupuni mineral ". Ua ʻoi aku ka kakaikahi o kēia mau pua ma mua o kēia lā!

ʻO nā daimana āpau i pā ʻia e nā kiko ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi, nā graphite inclusions a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kīnā ʻē aʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo "gendarmes", e hōʻole ʻia mai nā mea nani. ʻO nā daimana waihoʻoluʻu ʻole (melemele, ʻeleʻele), he opaque pinepine, ua pale ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pōhaku, i kapa ʻia he daimana maoli, i nā ʻoihana e like me ke ʻoki aniani.

Hiki ke hoʻololi kala ma ka irradiation a i ʻole ka mālama wela. He paʻakikī kēia e ʻike a maʻa mau.

Nā kahua ʻeli daimana nui o kēia wā

ʻO 65% o ka hana honua ma nā ʻāina ʻApelika:

• Afrique du Sud :

I ka makahiki 1867, ma kapa o ka muliwai Orange, ua ʻike ʻia nā daimana i loko o kahi kimberlite i hoʻololi ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo "honua melemele". A laila ua hoʻohana ikaika ʻia nā mines hohonu a hohonu. I kēia lā, ua pau nā waihona.

• ʻO Angola, maikai maikai.
• ʻO Botswana, he ʻano maikaʻi loa.
• Kahakai Ivory, hana ʻeli ʻana.
• ʻO Ghana, waiho wahi waiho.
• ʻO Guinea, He keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo paha nā kristal nani.
• ʻO Lesotho, waihona aluvial, hana lima lima.
• Liberia, ka nui o nā daimana maikaʻi ʻoihana.
• Namibia, ʻiliʻili aluvial mai ka muliwai ʻAlani, maikaʻi loa.
• Ka RepubalikaʻApelika Central, waiho wahi waiho.
• Lepupalika Kemokalaka ʻo Konokō, maikaʻi maikaʻi, melemele pinepine.
• ʻO Sierra Leone, nā kristal nani o ka nui maikaʻi.
• Tanzania, nā kristal liʻiliʻi, nā kala kala a me nā kristal ʻoihana.

Aia nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻili:

• ʻOʻAsuria, Argyle Mines: lua hāmama nunui, daimana ʻulaʻula.
• Brazil, waiho wahi waiho. ʻO ka mea nui, ma nā kikowaena mining o Diamantino ma Malto Grosso (pinepine kala i nā daimana) a me Diamantina ma Minas Gerais (nā kristal liʻiliʻi, akā maikaʻi loa ka maikaʻi).
• Canada, hooloihi.
• China, maikaʻi loa ka maikaʻi, akā mau ka hana lima lima
• Rusia, nā daimana nani, paʻakikī ke anu.
• Venezuela, nā kristal liʻiliʻi, nā pōhaku a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana.

La Finland ʻO ia wale nō ka ʻāina hana ma ka European Union (nā mea liʻiliʻi).

Etymology o ka hua'ōlelo "diamond".

No kona paakiki loa, ua kapaia Adama ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻōlelo Helene: hiki ʻole ke lanakila. Kāhea ʻia e ka poʻe Hikina alalama. Hoʻopili ʻia ka magnet Adama na kekahi mau mea kakau kahiko, nolaila ua huikau. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "adamantine" ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻōlelo Palani ka ʻōlinolino o kahi daimana, a i ʻole kekahi mea e like me ia.

ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou ke kumu i nalowale ai ka rhombus i ka prefix a, ma ka ʻōlelo Helene a me ka Latin ke kiaʻi puka. I ka wehe ʻana iā ia, loaʻa iā mākou ka waiwai kūʻē o ka mea kumu, ʻo ia hoʻi: tameable. He daimana, a he daimana paha.

I ka Middle Ages, ua kākau ʻia ka daimana ma nā ʻano like ʻole: he lei, ma ka lele, he lei, diamanz, ka diamond. A hiki i ke kenekulia XNUMX, nalowale pinepine nā daimana i ka "t" hope loa i ka plural: daimana. Ma nā puke kahiko, kapa ʻia ke daimana i kekahi manawa ua hana 'o ia ʻo ia hoʻi "me ka ʻole o ka moeʻuhane" ma muli o kona pono i ka lithotherapy.

Daimana Ma o Moolelo

Hoʻomaka kāna hana maoli ma India (a me Borneo) ma kahi o 800 BC. a ua hoʻomau i laila a hiki i ke kenekulia 20. I kēlā manawa, he 15 mau mina ma ke aupuni o Golconda a he XNUMX ma ke aupuni o Visapur. ʻO nā daimana mai Palakila, ka waiwai o Pokukala, ua pani iā ​​lākou mai ka makahiki 1720. a e mahuahua mau ana a hiki i ka hooweliweli ana i na kumukuai makeke. A laila, i ka makahiki 1867, hele mai nā daimana mai ʻApelika Hema. I ka makahiki 1888, ua hoʻokumu ka mea kālepa Pelekāne ʻo Cecil Rhodes i ka hui De Beers ma aneʻi, ʻoiaʻiʻo, he monopolist i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā daimana.

Daimana i ka wa kahiko

Ma kāna » Kuikahi o na Momi He umikumamalua ", ʻO Bishop Saint Epiphanes o Salamis, i hānau ʻia ma Palesetina i ke kenekulia XNUMX AD, e wehewehe ana i ka pale umauma o ke kahuna nui ʻo ʻAʻarona, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka puke o Exodus o ke Kauoha Kahiko: i loko o nā ʻahaʻaina nui ʻekolu o ka makahiki, komo ʻo ʻAʻarona i loko o ka hale kapu. me ke daimana ma kona umauma", Ua like kona kala me ka ea ". Hoʻololi ka pōhaku i ke kala e like me nā wānana.

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pelekane ma Lākana he kiʻi keleawe keleawe i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 480 BC, o kahi wahine i ʻaʻahu maikaʻi ʻia a nani hoʻi me nā pale a me nā curls. He mau daimana koʻikoʻi nā haumāna o kona mau maka.

« Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Adama e nā aliʻi liʻiliʻi loa. Ua kākau ʻo Pliny the Elder i ke kenekulia XNUMX AD. He ʻeono mau ʻano daimana, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hua kukama. Wahi a ia, ʻo ka daimana maikaʻi loa ʻo India, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻeli ʻia i loko o nā lua gula. E pili ana kēia mau mina gula iā ʻAitiopa. A laila, he hoʻomaha wale nō. Hele mai nā daimana kahiko mai India ma ke Kaiʻula.

Ke koi nei ʻo Pliny i ke kūʻē ʻana o ke daimana i ke ahi a me ka hao. Ma hope o ka lilo ʻana o nā ana āpau, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hahau iā lākou me nā hamare ma ka anvil e nānā i ko lākou ʻoiaʻiʻo, a hoʻoinu iā lākou i ke koko kao mehana e palupalu!

Ma muli o kona kakaʻikahi, a me kona paʻakikī, ʻaʻole ʻo ke daimana he ʻāpana nani. Hoʻohana ʻia kona mau ʻano kūikawā i ka ʻoki ʻana a me ke kālai ʻana i nā pōhaku maʻalahi. Hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka hao, lilo nā daimana i mea hana kūpono. Hoʻohana ka lāhui Helene, Roma a me Etruscan i kēia ʻano hana, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe ʻAigupita.

Daimana i ke auwaena

ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui, a ke hoʻomau nei ka nani o ka pōhaku. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā rubi a me nā emeralds ma mua o nā daimana, a ua lawa ka ʻoki cabochon maʻalahi no kēia mau pōhaku kala. Eia naʻe, pani ʻo Charlemagne i kāna ʻaʻahu imperial me kahi kaula i hana ʻia mai kahi daimana ʻoʻoleʻa. Ma hope o nā kikokikona, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mau aliʻi nona nā daimana: Saint-Louis, Charles V, punahele a Charles VII, Agnès Sorel.

ʻO ka papa ʻaina a Pliny no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana e ʻōlelo mau ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia:

ʻO ke kao, ʻoi aku ke keʻokeʻo, pono e hānai mua ʻia me ka pā paʻi a ivy paha. E inu no hoi oia i ka waina maikai. A laila, hewa kekahi mea i ka holoholona ʻilihune: ua pepehi ʻia ʻo ia, ua wela kona koko a me kona ʻiʻo, a ninini ʻia kahi daimana i loko o kēia hui. He manawa pōkole ka hopena palupalu, hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka pōhaku ma hope o kekahi manawa.

Aia kekahi mau mea koko ʻē aʻe: ʻo ke daimana i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka ʻulaʻula wela a me ke kēpau hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻaila ʻoliva a me ke kopa a puka mai ka palupalu a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ke aniani.

ʻO nā pono kuʻuna o ke daimana

He wahi koʻikoʻi ka Herbalism a me ka lithotherapy i ka Middle Ages. Mālama ʻia ka ʻike o ka poʻe Helene a me nā Roma ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi maʻi kilokilo. ʻO Bishop Marbaud i ke kenekulia XNUMX a ma hope mai ua haʻi mai ʻo Jean de Mandeville iā mākou e pili ana i nā pono he nui i lawe ʻia e kahi daimana:

Hāʻawi ia i ka lanakila a hoʻoikaika i ka mea hoʻohana e kūʻē i nā ʻenemi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema (sinistrium). Mālama pono ia i nā lālā a me nā iwi o ke kino. Mālama pū ia i ka pupule, ka hakakā, nā ʻuhane, nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa, nā moeʻuhane maikaʻi ʻole a me ka haunaele moe. Hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea hoʻokalakupua. Hoola oia i ka hehena a me ka poe i hanaia e ka diabolo. Hoʻoweliweli ʻo ia i nā daimonio i lilo i kāne e moe me nā wahine. Ma kahi hua'ōlelo, "hoʻonaniʻo ia i nā mea a pau."

ʻOi aku ka ikaika a me ka pono o ka daimana i hāʻawi ʻia ma mua o ke daimana i kūʻai ʻia. ʻO ka poʻe me nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai, akā ʻaʻohe o lākou ikaika ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma ka hopena, ʻAʻole ʻo ka hanohano o ke daimana i kona ʻano a i ʻole ka nui, akā ma kona ʻano maoli, ma kona ʻano huna. ʻO kēia aʻo mai ka poʻe akamai nui o ka ʻāina ʻo Imde (India)" kahi e hui ai ka wai a lilo i aniani .

Daimana i ka Renaissance

ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo e pale ana ke daimana i ka hao a me ke ahi. No laila, i ka wā o ke kaua ʻo Moras i ka makahiki 1474, ua ʻoki ka Swiss me nā koʻi i nā daimana i loaʻa i loko o ka hale lole o Charles the Bold e hōʻoia i ko lākou ʻoiaʻiʻo.

I ka manawa like, ua loaʻa i kahi mea kūʻai mea kūʻai mai Liège, Louis de Berken a i ʻole Van Berkem ke ala e hoʻolohilohi ai iā lākou ma ka hamo ʻana iā lākou. A laila e holomua ka ʻenehana nui iā ia. Me he mea lā ʻaʻole kūpono kēia moʻolelo no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻike mākou i nā meheu o kēia ʻano.

ʻO ka evolution, akā naʻe, hoʻi mai kēia manawa a hiki mai paha mai ke kūkulu ʻākau, kahi e ulu ai ke kālepa gem. Aʻo mākou e kalai maʻalahi i kekahi mau ʻaoʻao maʻamau : ma ka pale, ma ka chamfer, ma kahi kiko a hiki i ka rose (me nā ʻaoʻao, akā me kahi papa pālahalaha, i mahalo mau ʻia i kēia lā).

ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o ka daimana i loko o nā waihona aliʻi. ʻO ka puke a Agnes o Savoy i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 1493 i ʻōlelo ai: ʻO ke apo cloverleaf me ka emerald nui, ka pā daimana a me ka ruby ​​​​cabochon .

ʻO ka anecdote kaulana, e like me ka François makemake wau e hoʻohana i ke daimana o kāna apo e kākau i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo ma ka puka makani o ka Château de Chambord, i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea kākau a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Brantome. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia na ke kiaʻi kahiko o ka hale kākela i alakaʻi iā ia i ka pukaaniani kaulana, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana iā ia: " Eia, e heluhelu i keia, ina aole oe i ike i ka lima kakau lima o ka Moi, e kuu haku, eia no... »

Noʻonoʻo ʻo Brantome i ka palapala maopopo i kahakaha ʻia ma nā leka nui:

"ʻO ka manawa pinepine ka wahine e hoʻololi, palaka, ka mea e manaʻo nei. »

ʻO ka mōʻī, ʻoiai ʻo kona ʻano ʻoliʻoli, aia paha i loko o kahi ʻano ʻino i kēlā lā!

Daimana i ke kenekulia 17

ʻO Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1605, ke keiki a kekahi kanaka kālaihonua Protestant mai Antwerp. ʻO kēia, i hoʻomaʻau ʻia ma kona ʻāina ponoʻī, noho ʻo ia ma Paris i ka wā o ka hoʻomanawanui. Mahalo i nā moʻolelo huakaʻi a kona makuakāne a me nā palapala ʻāina pohihihi mai kona wā kamaliʻi, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻokalakupua a kūʻai aku i nā mea waiwai me ka makemake i nā daimana. ʻO ia paha ka mea mua i ʻōlelo: "ʻO ka daimana ka mea makamae o nā pōhaku a pau."

Ma ka hana a ke Duke o Orleans, ua hele ʻo ia i India i ʻeono manawa:

ʻAʻole i koi ka makaʻu i ka pōʻino iaʻu e hoʻi hope, ʻoiai ʻo ke kiʻi weliweli i hōʻike ʻia e kēia mau maina ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoweliweli iaʻu. No laila, hele au i nā mina ʻehā a me kekahi o nā muliwai ʻelua i ʻeli ʻia ai ke daimana, a ʻaʻole i loaʻa iaʻu kēia mau pilikia a me kēia ʻano ʻino i wehewehe ʻia e kekahi poʻe naʻaupō.

Ua kākau ʻo J. B. Tavernier i kāna mau memo a no laila ke hāʻawi nui nei i ka ʻike o ka Hikina a me nā daimana. Hōʻike ʻo ia i kahi ʻāina piha i nā pōhaku a me nā ululāʻau, me ka lepo one, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka nahele o Fontainebleau. Hōʻike pū ʻo ia i nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha:

• ʻO ka poʻe paʻahana, he ʻōlohelohe loa e pale aku i ka ʻaihue, ʻaihue lākou i kekahi mau pōhaku ma ke ale ʻana iā lākou.
• Hoʻopaʻa kekahi "ʻilihune" i kahi daimana 2-carat ma ke kihi o kona maka.
• ʻO nā keiki mai 10 a 15 mau makahiki, ʻike a maalea, hoʻonohonoho i ke kālepa waena ma waena o nā mea hana a me nā mea kūʻai aku o nā ʻāina ʻē no ko lākou pono ponoʻī.
• Manaʻo ka poʻe Hikina i kā lākou mau daimana ma ke kau ʻana i ke kukui aila me ka wick ikaika i loko o ka lua huinahā o ka paia, hoʻi lākou i ka pō a nānā i kā lākou mau pōhaku ma kēia kukui.

ʻO ka hopena o ke ola o kēia huakaʻi luhi ʻole ua hoʻopau ʻia e ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka Edict of Nantes, haʻalele ʻo ia iā Farani ma 1684 e make ma Moscow i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope.

Daimana i ke kenekulia 18

ʻO ke ahi o ke daimana

ʻO Isaac Newton, he kanaka mehameha a hoʻohuoi, he ʻīlio liʻiliʻi wale nō kona inoa ʻo Diamond. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia i ka manaʻo e hoihoi i kēia mineral? Ma muli paha o kāna haʻi ʻana iā ia ma kāna ʻatikala ma optics, i paʻi ʻia ma 1704: he wahie hiki ke daimana. Ua noʻonoʻo kekahi poʻe ma mua ona, e like me Boes de Booth, ka mea kākau o " Moolelo o na pohaku i ka makahiki 1609. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Robert Boyle chemist Irish i kahi hoʻokolohua ma 1673: ua nalowale ke daimana ma lalo o ka mana o ka wela nui o ka umu.

ʻO nā ho'āʻo hoʻokahi e hana houʻia ma nā wahi a pau, i mua o ka poʻe nānā puʻupuʻu.. He heluna nui o na daimana e hele ma ka umu ahi; ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau hoʻokolohua ʻaʻole ia e hoʻonāwaliwali i ka poʻe waiwai e hāʻawi kālā iā lākou. Ua kākoʻo ʻo François de Habsburg, ke kāne a Empress Marie-Therese, i nā hoʻokolohua no ka puhi ʻana i nā daimana a me nā rubi. ʻO nā rubi wale nō i mālama ʻia!

I ka makahiki 1772, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Lavoisier he ʻano hoʻohālikelike ka daimana me ka lanahu, akā " he mea pono ole ke hele loa ma keia hoohalike ana. .

Ua hōʻike ka mea loea Pelekane ʻo Smithson Tennant i ka makahiki 1797 e hoʻopau ka daimana i ka oxygen ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona. Ke puhi ke daimana me ka oxygen lewa, lilo ia i kalapona kalapona, no ka mea, aia wale no ke kalapona i loko o kona haku mele.

E lilo anei ka daimana nani i lanahu nani? ʻAʻole loa, no ka mea, mai loko mai o ka ʻōpū nui o ka honua a hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo e like me ka Enlightenment mineralogist Jean-Étienne Guettard: " ʻaʻole i hana ke ʻano i kekahi mea maikaʻi loa e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia .

daimana kaulana

Nui nā daimana kaulana, ua kapa pinepine ʻia lākou ma muli o kā lākou mea nona: ka daimana o ka Emepera o Rusia, ka nui o ka hua manu nūnū, ka daimana o ke Duke Nui o Tuscany, he lemona iki, a me ke daimana o ka Mogul Nui, aole i loaa, he 280 karata kona kaumaha, aka, he wahi hemahema iki. I kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia lākou e ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka wahi i hānau ʻia ai: ʻO Dresden ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻano ʻōlinolino, akā he kala hohonu nani; Ua kūʻai ʻia ke kala ʻulaʻula o Rūsia e Tsar Paul I.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea kaulana loa ʻo Koh-I-Noor. ʻO ke ʻano o kona inoa ʻo "mauna mālamalama". ʻO kēia 105-carat keʻokeʻo me nā hiʻohiʻona hina hina paha mai nā mines Parteal ma India. ʻO kona kumu i manaʻo ʻia he akua e like me kona ʻike ʻana i nā lā i ka wā kaulana o Krishna. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻāina Pelekane ma muli o ke kuleana o ka naʻi ʻana i ka wā o ka Mōʻīwahine Victoria, hiki ke ʻike ʻia e ʻaʻahu ana i nā Lei Aliʻi Pelekane ma ka hale kiaʻi o Lākana.

No ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ʻekolu mau mea kaulana Farani.

Sancy

Sancy a i ʻole Grand Sancy (ʻO Bo a i ʻole Petit Sancy kekahi pōhaku makamae). He wai ʻokoʻa kēia 55,23 carat keʻokeʻo daimana. Hele mai ʻo ia mai Inia Hikina.

ʻO Charles the Bold ka mea nona ka mua i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana e ka Mōʻī o Pokukala. Ua kūʻai ʻo Nicholas Harlay de Sancy, ka luna kālā o Henry IV i ka makahiki 1570. Ua kūʻai ʻia iā Jacques I o ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1604 a laila hoʻi i Farani, kūʻai ʻia e Cardinal Mazarin, nāna i hoʻoili iā Louis XIV. Ua kau ʻia ma nā lei aliʻi o Louis XV a me Louis XVI. Nalo i ka wā o ke kipi, loaʻa ʻelua makahiki ma hope, kūʻai ʻia i nā manawa he nui ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻohana Astor. Ua kūʻai ʻia ka Louvre i ka makahiki 1976.

Palani uliuli

Palani uliuli, he 112 carats kona kaumaha, uliuli uliuli, mai kahi kokoke mai o Golconda, India.

Ua kūʻai aku ʻo Jean-Baptiste Tavernier iā Louis XV i ka makahiki 1668. Ua ola kēia daimana kaulana i hoʻokahi kaukani huakaʻi: ʻaihue, poho, nui nā aliʻi a me nā mea waiwai. Ua ʻoki ʻia i kekahi mau manawa.

Ua kūʻai aku ʻo Henry Hope i ka waihona kālā ma Lākana i ka makahiki 1824 a hāʻawi iā ia i kona inoa, no laila ua loaʻa iā ia ka lua kaulana a me ka lua o ke ola. He 45,52 carats wale nō kona kaumaha. ʻIke ʻia ka manaʻolana ma ka Smithsonian Institution ma Wakinekona.

Le Regent

Le Regent, 426 carats rough, over 140 carats cut, white, from the Partil mine, India.

ʻO kona maʻemaʻe a me kona nui he mea kupaianaha, aʻo ia manaʻo pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ka daimana nani loa o ka honua. Hana ʻia kona ʻoki nani ma ʻEnelani a mau makahiki ʻelua.

Ua kūʻai aku ʻo Regent Philippe d'Orléans iā ia i ka makahiki 1717 no ʻelua miliona paona, a i loko o ʻelua makahiki ua hoʻonui ʻia kona waiwai. ʻO ka mea mua i hoʻohana ʻia e Louis XV, a laila e nā aliʻi Farani āpau a hiki i ka Empress Eugenie (ua ʻaihue ʻia a nalowale no hoʻokahi makahiki i ka wā o ke kipi). I kēia manawa ua hoʻomālamalama ka Regent i ka Louvre.

Hiki ke kaulana nā mea nani daimana no kona nani, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o kona mōʻaukala. ʻO ka leo nui loa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo "The Case of the Queen's Necklace".

I ka makahiki 1782, ua kūʻē ʻo Marie Antoinette me ke akamai i ka hoʻowalewale, hōʻole ʻo ia i kēia lei, nona nā daimana 650 (2800 carats), kahi pupule i hāʻawi ʻia ma ke kumu kūʻai nui! I loko o kekahi mau makahiki, e hoʻopau hope ʻia kahi scam nui iā ia. Ua loaʻa ka Mōʻīwahine i kekahi ʻano ʻaihue ʻike.. ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana o ka poʻe hewa a me nā hoa hana. He hala ʻole ʻo Marie Antoinette, akā ʻo ka hōʻino ʻole e hoʻopau i ka inaina o ka poʻe. ʻO ka mea āu e ʻike ai ma ka Smithsonian ma Wakinekona, ʻaʻole ia ka lei o ka Mōʻīwahine, akā ʻo nā apo pepeiao daimana ka mea pono iā ia.

daimana lani

ʻO ka meteorite makamae

I Mei 1864, hāʻule kekahi meteorite, he ʻāpana paha o ka comet, i loko o ke kula ma ke kauhale liʻiliʻi o Orgay ma Tarn-et-Garonne. ʻEleʻele, uahi a me ke aniani, ʻo ke kaumaha he 14 kg. Aia kēia chondrite loaʻa i nā nanodiamonds. Ke aʻo ʻia nei nā laʻana a puni ka honua. Ma Farani, hōʻike ʻia nā hana ma nā hale moʻolelo kūlohelohe o Paris a me Montauban.

honua daimana

He inoa koʻikoʻi ko kēia honua pōhaku: 55 Cancri-e. Ua ʻike ʻia e nā Astronomers i ka makahiki 2011 a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka hapa nui o nā daimana.

ʻElua ka nui o ka Honua a ʻeiwa ka nui o ka nui, ʻaʻole ia no ka ʻōnaehana lā. Aia ia i loko o ka constellation Cancer, 40 mau makahiki māmā (1 light year = 9461 billion km).

Ke noʻonoʻo nei mākou i ka honua kilokilo i ʻimi ʻia e Tintin, kāna Snowball wiwo ʻole, e leʻaleʻa ana i waena o nā stalagmites o nā daimana nunui. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi, akā ʻaʻole nani loa ka ʻoiaʻiʻo!

Nā waiwai a me nā pono o ke daimana i ka lithotherapy

I ka Middle Ages, he hōʻailona ka daimana o ke kūpaʻa, he pōhaku o ka hoʻolauleʻa, kūpaʻa a me ke aloha conjugal. ʻOiai i kēia lā, ma hope o 60 mau makahiki o ka male ʻana, hoʻolauleʻa mākou i ka lā makahiki o ka male daimana.

He hoa maikaʻi loa ʻo Diamond no ka lithotherapy, no ka mea ma kahi o kona mau ʻano ponoʻī, hoʻonui ia i nā pono o nā pōhaku ʻē aʻe. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia kēia hana hoʻoikaika ʻia e kona mana koʻikoʻi me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana no ka mea e hoʻomāhuahua ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻO ke daimana keʻokeʻo (transparent) hōʻailona ka maʻemaʻe, ka hala ʻole. ʻO kāna hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe e pale i nā hawewe electromagnetic.

Pono ke Daimana i na ma'i kino

• Kaulike ka metabolism.
• Wehe i nā mea ʻaleʻa.
• Hoʻoluʻolu i nā nahu ʻawaʻawa, stings.
• Kōkua i ka ho'ōla ʻana i nā maʻi maka.
• Hoʻoulu i ke kahe koko.
• Hoʻoikaika i ka hiamoe maikaʻi, hoʻokuke aku i nā moeʻuhane.

ʻO nā pono o ka daimana no ka psyche a me nā pilina

• Paipai i ke ola lokahi.
• Hāʻawi i ka ikaika a me ka ikaika.
• Hoʻomaha i ka ʻeha o ka naʻau.
• Hoʻopau i ke kaumaha a hāʻawi i ka manaʻo o ka maikaʻi.
• E lawe mai i ka manaolana.
• Huki i ka nui.
• Hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā manaʻo.
• Hoʻonui i ka noʻonoʻo.
• Paipai i ke aʻo ʻana, aʻo.

ʻO ka daimana e lawe mai i ka maluhia hohonu i ka ʻuhane, no laila pili mua ia me 7th chakra (sahasrara), ke kalaunu chakra e pili ana me ka ike uhane.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻopiha hou ʻana

No ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, paʻakai, distilled a i ʻole ka wai demineralized kūpono iā ia.

Loaʻa i ka Diamond kahi kumu o ka ikehu ʻaʻole ia e koi i kahi recharging kūikawā.

ʻO kahi wehewehe hope loa: ʻo ka "Herkimer diamond" i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia i ka lithotherapy ʻaʻole ia he daimana. He quartz maopopo loa kēia mai ka Herkimer mine ma USA.

Ua laki paha ʻoe i lilo i mea nona ke daimana? Ua hiki anei iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo iā ʻoe iho i ka pono o ka mineral sublime? E ʻoluʻolu e kaʻana like i kāu ʻike ma ka ʻatikala ma lalo!